UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  fflOESIA 


a  dissertation  submitted  to  the  faculty  of 

Princeton  University 

IN  June  1910 

IN  CANDIDACY  FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF 
DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 

(department  of  classics) 


BY 

SELATIE  EDGAR  STOUT 


PRINCETON 
I9II 


THE  GOVERNORS  OF  MOESIA 


a  dissertation  submitted  to  the  faculty  of 

Princeton  University 

IN  June  1910 

IN  candidacy  for  the  degree  of 

doctor  of  philosophy 

(department  of  classics) 


BY 

SELATIE  EDGAR  STOUT 


PRINCETON 
I9II 


Copies  of  this  dissertation  may  be  obtained  from  The  Library  of 
Princeton  University,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  at  seventy-five  cents  each, 
postpaid. 


,    ..     •    .*,  • .:  ..    •'.   •• 

:  •  , ,    '     •    ••     •   ..•••!♦•     •   •   '    •  •    - 
...    •   ••-...•..••     •   *    .     •  ••♦ 


PRINCETON,    N.   J. 
THE    FALCON     PRESS 

igii 


5i 


TV'-)  rf    Q,  ^^ 


TO 
FRANCES    BLODGETT   STOUT 


X 


89544 


PREFACE 


I  wish  to  acknowledge  gratefully  the  kindness  and  the  help 
that  I  have  received  from  all  of  the  teachers  with  whom  I  have 
studied  in  Princeton  University  and  in  The  University  of  Chicago. 
My  thanks  are  clue  especially  to  Professor  Frank  Frost  Abbott, 
whom  I  have  followed  more  closely  than  any  other  teacher  in  my 
university  study.  His  criticism  of  this  paper,  also,  during  its  prepa- 
ration has  been  helpful  at  many  points.  I  have  received  valuable 
suggestions  also  from  Professor  Duane  Reed  Stuart,  of  Princeton 
University,  who  read  the  paper  in  manuscript,  and  from  Professor 
Mary  B.  Peaks,  of  Vassar  College,  who  read  it  in  the  proof.  I  owe 
to  Miss  Peaks  also  the  suggestion  that  the  general  field  in  which 
the  subject  of  this  paper  lies  was  available  for  a  dissertation.  I 
wish  also  to  thank  my  printer  for  courtesies  extended  me  during  the 
printing  of  this  paper. 

S.  E.  Stout. 

William  Jewell  College, 

Liberty,    Mo., 

September  i,  191 1 


CONTENTS 

Page 

Introduction    i^ 

Governors  of  Moesia  before  its  Division i 

Governors  of  Moesia  Superior 22 

Governors  of  Moesia  Inferior 43 

Conspectus    ''- 

Appendix    86 

Indices    S9 


Vll 


INTRODUCTION 

1.  Roman  arms  were  first  carried  into  the  territory  later  known 
as  Moesia  by  C.  Scribonius  Curio'  in  75-73  B.  C.  and  M.  Licinius' 
in  72  B.  C.  Their  campaigns  were  not  serious  attempts  to  reduce 
the  tribes  of  this  district  to  Roman  rule,  although  the  late  historians 
of  the  empire  usually  give  them  the  credit  for  the  conquest  of 
Moesia,  but  were  intended  to  teach  these  tribes  respect  for  Roman 
arms  and  to  deter  them  from  making  marauding  incursions  into 
Roman  territory  further  south.  Dio' places  in  the  mouth  of  Augustus 
in  27  B.  C.  the  claim  that  Julius  Caesar  had  conquered  Moesia,  but 
there  is  no  other  evidence  of  any  campaign  in  this  region  under 
the  auspices  of  Julius.  He  probably  planned  the  conquest  of  the 
tribes  of  this  territory,  but  never  found  leisure  from  more  pressing 
cares  to  execute  it.  Augustus*  himself  in  his  campaigns  in  Illyricum 
in  35-34  B.  C.  did  not  reach  the  territory  of  Moesia.  In  29-28  B.  C. 
M.  Licinius  Crassus'  made  a  thorough  conquest  of  this  territory; 
at  least  there  is  no  evidence  of  a  revolt  here  at  any  later  time. 

2.  The  government  of  the  country  was  for  a  time  at  least  in 
the  hands  of  allied  princes,"  as  was  that  of  Thrace  until  46  A.  D. 
The  evidence  is  slight  and  opinions  differ  as  to  just  when  Roman 
civil  administration  was  organized  here.'  There  is  evidence  that 
this  district  was  regularly  occupied  in  6  A.  D.  by  Roman  troops 
under  a  consular  commander.*'  That  it  was  continuously  so  occu- 
pied after  this  date  is  certain.  I  see  no  valid  reason  for  assuming 
that  civil  administration  was  not  in  operation  here  at  this  date,  and 
believe  that  this  territory  was  regularly  organized  as  a  province 
some  years  before  this  time. 

3.  When  in  15  A.  D.  Achaia  and  Macedonia  sought  relief  from 
the  burdens  of  proconsular  government  under  the  Senate  and  were 
given  to  the  Emperor,  he  placed  them  under  the  care  of  the  governor 

^  Liv.  Ep.  92,  Florus  1.39.6,  Eutrop.  6.2,  Oros.  5.23,   Ruf.   Fest.  7,  Front.  Strat.  4.1.43. 

2  Liv.  Ep.  97,  Florus  1.39.6,  Eutrop.  6.10,  Oros.  6.3.4,  Ruf.  Fest.  9,  App.  Illyr.  30,  .\m. 
Marc.  27.4.11,  Serv.   ad  Aen.  7.604,  Hieron.  a.  1946  =  01.  277.2. 

3  Dio  53.7.     Cf.   Strabo  7.3.5,  Jordanes  Get.   11. 

^  App.  Illyr.   16  ff.,    Dio  49..34-38,   Suet.    Aug.   20-21. 

5  Liv.  Ep.  134-135,  Florus  2.26,   Dio  51.23-27,   Zon.   10.32. 

8  Dio  51.26.     Cf.  Mommsen,  The  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire,  Eng.  tr.,  1  p.  16,  n.   2. 

'  The  evidence  on  tliis  subject  can  be  found  most  completely  brought  together  in  an 
article  by  A.  v.  Premerstein,  JOI  1  (1898)  Beibl.  pp.  146-196.  He  argues  for  the  date  15  A.  D. 
See  my  note  18  below.  This  article  has  been  briefly  criticised  by  Gardthausen,  Augustus  und 
seine  Zeit,  2  p.  786,  n.  79.     Cf.  also  Mommsen,  1.  c. 

^  §§  6,  7. 

ix 


of  Moesia.  This  arrangement  continued  until  44."  It  led  to  a 
peculiar  administrative  situation  in  Moesia  which  is  briefly  dis- 
cussed in  §  9. 

4.  Moesia  was  divided  into  two  provinces,  Moesia  Superior 
and  Moesia  Inferior,  by  Domitian,  during  his  Dacian  war,  a.  86-89. 
This  fact  was  proved  by  Gsell/"  His  evidence  is  as  follows:  i) 
Pliny  in  his  Natural  History,  published  a.  ']'],  knows  only  the  undi- 
vided province;"  2)  Oppius  Sabinus  seems  to  have  been  governor 
of  the  undivided  province  in  85  or  86;'^  3)  L-  Funisulanus  Vettoni- 
anus  was  governor  of  Pannonia  as  late  as  Sept.  15,  85,  and  after 
that  he  was  governor  of  Moesia  Superior,'^  and  apparently  it  was 
as  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  that  he  won  the  dona  militaria 
during  the  Dacian  war  of  Domitian ;  4)  The  exigencies  of  this  war 
were  likely  to  make  the  division  necessary;  5)  The  earliest  known 
governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  is  of  the  year  100,"  but  Moesia  Inferior 
is  mentioned  in  the  time  of  Domitian.'^  On  "5)"  it  should  be  added 
that  the  discovery  of  diploma  CIII '"  gives  us  the  name  of  a  governor 
of  Moesia  Superior  in  that  province  Sept  16,  93 ;  Moesia  had  there- 
fore certainly  been  divided  at  that  time.  On  3)  it  should  be  noted 
that  in  both  3.4013  and  11.571  the  reading  of  the  inscriptions  is 
"leg.  aug.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Delmatiae,  item  provinc.  Pannoniae, 
item  Moesiae  Super.",  in  which  the  word  provincia  is  not  used  with 
Moesia  Superior  though  used  with  both  Delmatia  and  Pannonia. 
This  omission  may  mean  that  at  the  time  when  Funisulanus  was  in 
command  of  the  troops  of  Moesia  Superior  the  division  of  the  forces 
of  the  province  of  Moesia  and  the  assignment  of  them  to  two  legati 
were  regarded  as  tentative  measures,  and  that  the  province  had  not 
yet  been  definitely  and  formally  made  into  two  provinces.  It  is 
probable  however  that  the  arrangement  was  made  permanent  at 
once.  We  may  conclude  from  this  evidence  that  the  division  was 
made  certainly  between  the  years  86  and  93,  and  probably  in  86  or 
87. 

"  §§  8-16. 

'"  Gsell,  Essai  sur  le  regne  de  I'empereur  Domitian,  Paris,  1894,  pp.  135-137. 

"  Plin.  N.  H.  3.149.  Pannoniae  iungitur  provincia  quae  Moesia  appellatur,  ad  Pontum 
usque  cum  Danuvio  decurrens.     Incipit  a  confluente  supra  dicto  (sc.  of  the  Save  and  Danube). 

'2  See  §  28. 

'2  Bormann,  JOI  1  (1898),  p.  174,  n.  6,  thinl^s  that  he  was  governor  of  Moesia  superior 
before  Pannonia  (Cf.  Lieb.  p.  160)  and  thus  fixes  on  83  or  84  as  the  date  of  the  division  of 
Moesia.    See  §  29  and  n.  57. 

"  §  60.    Cf.  §  59. 

^^  Vit.  Hadr.  2.3  Post  hoc  in  inferioreni  Moesiani  translatus  e.xtremis  iam  Dumitiani 
temporibus. 

18  CIL  3  p.  2328™,  partly  quoted  in  30. 


5-  The  province  of  Moesia  before  its  division  and  both  Moesia 
Sviperior  and  Moesia  Inferior  after  the  division  were  governed  by 
imperial  legates  of  consular  rank.  There  is  only  one  exception 
to  this  rule."  In  the  troublesome  period  from  the  death  of  Alex- 
ander Severus  to  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Diocletian,  when  the 
central  imperial  authority  was  often  weakened  by  dissensions  be- 
tween the  armies  in  different  parts  of  the  empire  and  when  the  pres- 
sure of  the  barbarian  hordes  was  becoming  greater  and  greater 
along  the  lower  Danube,  in  order  to  organize  a  more  effective  de- 
fence, larger  commands  were  often  built  up  from  var}'ing  combina- 
tions of  the  two  Moesias,  the  two  Pannonias,  Macedonia,  and  Del- 
matia.  The  epigraphical  evidence  for  the  governors  in  this  period 
is  slight ;  the  evidence  of  the  coins  ceases  under  Philip,  and  the 
literary  evidence  must  be  used  with  great  care.  Yet  even  in  this 
period,  so  far  as  we  have  reliable  evidence,  the  governors  were 
uniformly  of  consular  rank. 

It  has  not  been  my  purpose  to  present  and  discuss  all  the  evi- 
dence for  the  careers  of  the  men  treated  below,  but  only  such  as 
connects  them  with  Moesia  as  governors  and  serves  to  date  that 
connection.  The  lower  limit  of  the  work  is  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  Diocletian.  All  dates  are  A.  D.  unless  marked  B.  C.  Most 
of  the  abbreviations  used  will  be  self-explanatory  to  those  who  will 
make  use  of  this  paper.  For  a  few  works  to  which  frequent  refer- 
ence is  made  shorter  abbreviations  have  been  adopted  as  follows : 

A  EM,  Archeologisch-Epigrapische  Mittheilungen  aus  Oesterreich, 
Wien,  1877 — . 

Bench.,  F.  Beuchel,  De  Legione  Romanorum  I  Italica,  Leipzig,  IQ03. 

IGR,  Inscriptiones  Graecae  ad  Res  Romanas  Pertinentes,  Paris, 
1901 — . 

CIL,  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum,  is  referred  to  by  numbers 
merely,  without  the  usual  CIL,  where  ambiguity  would  not 
arise, 

V.  Dom.,  A.  von  Domaszewski,  the  particular  article  or  work  being 
referred  to  by  abbreviation  for  its  title. 

"  This  exception  occurs  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus  (see  11'2),  at  the  beginning  of 
a  period  of  internal  disorder  in  the  empire  during  which  many  precedents  were  broken  and 
many  changes  made  in  administrative  arrangements.  The  increasing  importance  of  the  Moesias 
from  a  military  standpoint  during  this  period,  however,  made  it  necessary  to  have  in  charge 
of  them  only  tried  and  experienced  men,  and  there  is  no  other  certain  exception  in  either 
province  to  the  rule  that  their  governors  had  previously  held  the  consulship.  For  a  special 
arrangement  giving  praetorian  legati  Augusti  pro  praetore  in  Moesia  a.  15-44,  who  were  not 
however  governors  of  the  province,  see  §  9. 

xi 


Des.,  Inscriptiones  Latinae  Selectae.  ed.  Hermannus  Dessau,  Berlin. 
1892 — . 

Filow,  Bog'dan  Filow.  Die  Legionen  der  Provinz  Moesia  von 
Augustus  bis  auf  Diokletian.  Klio,  Beitrage  zur  alten 
Geschichte.  Erganzungsband  I,  Leipzig,  1906. 

JOI,  Jahreshefte  des  Oesterreichen  Archaeologischen  Institutes  in 
Wien,  Wien,  1898 — . 

Klein,  Josephus  Klein.  Fasti  Consulares  inde  a  Caesaris  Nece  usque 
ad  Imperium  Diocletiani,  Lipsiae.  1881. 

Lieb..  W.  Liebenam.  Forschungen  zur  Verwaltungsgeschichte  des 
romischen  Kaiserreichs.  I  Band,  Die  Legaten  in  den  romischen 
Provinzen  von  Augustus  bis  Diocletian.  Leipzig,  1888. 

P-W.,  Pauly-Wissowa,  Real-Encyclopadie,  Stuttgart.  1894 — . 

Pick,  Die  antiken  Miinzen  Nord-Griechenlands,  Band  I,  Dacien  und 
IMoesien,  bearbeitet  von  Behrendt  Pick.  Berlin,  1899. 

V.  Prem.,  A.  v.  Premerstein.  Die  Anfange  der  Provinz  Moesiens. 
JOI  I  (1898)  Beibl.  pp.  146-196. 

Pros..  Prosopographia  Imperii  Romani.  Berlin.  1897 — 

Waddington,  Pastes,  Waddington,  W.  H.,  Pastes  des  provinces 
asiatiques  de  I'empire  remain  depuis  leur  origine  jusqu'au 
regne  de  Diocletien.  Paris.  1872. 

H.  v.  d.  W.,  H.  van  de  Weerd,  Etude  historique  sur  trois  legions 
romaines  du  Bas-Danube,  Paris,  1907. 

In  the  articles  below,  the  date  which  is  regarded  as  certain  is 
placed  to  the  right  of  the  name  at  the  head  of  the  article,  while  in 
the  discussion  that  follows  an  efifort  is  made  to  approximate  the 
dates  of  the  beginning  and  ending  of  the  administration  under  con- 
sideration. In  printing  the  inscriptions  the  brackets  used  in  CIL 
to  indicate  restorations  have  often  been  omitted  when  no  point  in 
my  argument  is  affected  by  the  restoration  or  when  the  restoration 
is  certain.  Cross  references  are  to  sections  unless  n.  =  note,  accom- 
panies the  numeral.     I  have  used to  indicate  that  a  part  of  an 

inscription  has  been  omitted  as  irrelevant,  ....  to  indicate  that  a 
part  is  missing  and  cannot  be  supplied.  An  asterisk  placed  after  a 
name  indicates  that  the  person  to  be  discussed,  though  requiring 
mention  in  this  paper,  was  not,  in  my  opinion,  a  governor  of  Moesia. 
In  giving  dates  x/y  means  "at  some  time  within  the  period  beginning 
in  the  year  x  and  ending  in  the  year  y".  and  x — y  means  "throughout 
the  period  beginning  in  the  year  x  and  ending  in  the  year  y." 


Xll 


GOVERNORS   OF    MOESIA   BEFORE    ITS 

DIVISION 

6  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  Frugi  * 

It  has  been  thought  by  some  that  Piso  was  legatus  August!  pro  praetore 
provinciae  Moesiae  in  13-11  B.  C.  There  is  no  direct  evidence  for  this 
hypothesis,  but  he  was  in  command  of  a  miUtary  force  with  which  he  subdued 
the  Thracians  in  these  years,  and  at  a  later  date  miHtary  operations  in  Thrace 
were  on  several  occasions  conducted  by  commanders  from  Moesia  with 
Moesian  troops.  Dio,  however,  states  that  Piso  was  sent  to  Thrace 
iK  IlafKpvXlas  ^s  ^px^,  and  his  statement  is  supported  not  only  by  Anth.  Graec. 
10.25,  as  pointed  out  in  Pros.  C  249,  but  by  the  circumstances  under  which  he 
was  sent  to  Thrace.  The  Bessi  had  risen  against  the  Thracian  kings  Rhescu- 
poris  and  Rhoemetalces,  who  were  in  alliance  with  Rome,  and  after  killing 
Rhescuporis  they  had  driven  Rhoemetalces  into  the  Thracian  Chersonese,  and 
had  done  much  damage  there.  When  affairs  had  progressed  to  this  point, 
Piso  was  sent  against  them,  evidently  bringing  with  him  the  troops  over  which 
he  had  been  in  command,  for  when  the  Bessi  learned  of  his  approach  they 
retired  before  him  into  their  own  country.  This  looks  as  if  he  came  from 
Pamphylia.  Had  Rhoemetalces  fled  north  of  Haemus  instead  of  into  the 
Chersonese  it  would  have  been  natural  to  send  relief  from  Moesia.  Piso  con- 
tinued his  campaign  in  Thrace  for  three  years.  None  of  the  ancient  writers 
who  mention  these  campaigns  connects  him  at  that  time  with  any  provincial 
command.     Sen.   Ep.   12.1.14  Huic  et  divus  Augustus  dedit  secreta  mandata 

cum  ilium  praeponeret  Thraeciae,  quam  perdomuit, .     Veil.  Paterc.  2.98 

(quippe  legatus  Caesaris  triennio  cum  his   (Thracis)  bellavit )   eiusque 

patratione  Asiae  securitatem,  Macedoniae  pacem  reddidit.  Tac.  Ann.  6.10 
-  -  -  -  decus  triumphale  in  Thraecia  meruerat.  He  was  probably  not  com- 
missioned as  governor  of  any  province,  but  under  a  special  commission  from 
the  Emperor  was  assigned  the  task  of  restoring  the  allied  king  Rhoematalces 
to  his  throne  and  establishing  him  there  by  thoroughly  reducing  the  Thracian 
tribes.  If  a  provincial  command  aside  from  his  special  mission  in  Thrace 
must  be  assumed,  the  natural  supposition  would  be  that  he  continued  to  hold 
his  command  in  Pamphylia  from  which  he  brought  his  troops,  but  it  is  not 
even  clear  what  his  official  position  there  had  been,  for  Pamphylia  certainly 
had  not  yet  been  organized  as  a  province.  I  find  nothing  to  warrant  the 
assumption  that  he  was  proconsul  of  Macedonia.  (V.  Prem.  pp.  160-161.) 
Velleius  states  that  Piso  brought  securitas  to  Asia,  peace  to  Macedonia  by 
his  conquests  in  Thrace,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  in  mentioning  the  two 
countries  he  gives  priority  to  Asia.  This  would  not  be  the  natural  order  if 
Piso  had  been  acting  in  the  capacity  of  proconsul  of  Macedonia.  The  prin- 
cipal sources  for  his  Thracian  campaigns  are  Dio  54.34,  Sen.  Ep.  12.1.14, 
Florus  2.27,  Veil.  Paterc.  2.98.1-2,  Liv.  Ep.  140,  Zon.  10.34;  to  which  it  may 
be  well  to  add  Anth.  Pal.  10.25,  6.335,  9428,  9.552,  6.241,  6.249,  9.541. 


7  A.  Caecina  Severus  6 

Dio  55.29.3  The  Pannonian  Breuci  attack  Sirmium  but  are  kept  from 
taking  it  by  KaiKivas  1,eov7Jpos  6  ttjs  irXrjcnox'j-'pov  Mvaias  apx^v.      (a.  6) 

Dio  55.30.4  Kat  /iera  ravra  toO  re  "^eovqpov  is  ttjv  ^ivffiav  5td  re  Toiis  AaKoi/s  Kal 
S(.a  Tovi  ^avpofJidTas  iropdovvTas  avTrjv  &TrdpavTos 

Veil.  Paterc.  2.1 12.4 A.  Caecina  et  Silvanus  Plautius  consulares 

Tac.  Ann.  1.31  (a.  14)  Duo  apud  ripam  Rheni  exercitus  erant :  cui 
nomen  superiori,  sub  C.  Silio  legato,  inferiorem  A.  Caecina  curabat. 

Caecina  is  the  first  governor  of  Moesia'^  of  whom  we  have  record. 
The  earHest  reference  to  him  in  this  capacity  is  of  the  year  6  A.  D. 
when  he  was  already  a  consular.  This  year  may  not  have  been  his 
first  in  the  province.  He  probably  remained  until  sent  to  lower 
Germany,  at  least  we  hear  of  him  nowhere  else  until  he  is  spoken 
of  as  being  there  in  14,  and  we  learn  of  no  other  governor  of  Moesia 
antedating  Poppaeus  Sabinus.  (See  next  governor.)  His  public 
service  seems  also  to  have  been  continuous.  Tac.  Ann.  1.64  (a.  15) 
Ouadragesimum  id  stipendium  Caecina  parendi  aut  imperitandi 
habebat. 


8  C.  Poppaeus  Q.f.  Q.n.  Sabinus  11/12—35 

Tac.  Ann.  1.80  (a.  15)  Prorogatur  Poppaeo  Sabino  provincia  Moesia, 
additis  Achaia  ac  Macedonia. 

Tac.  Ann.  4.47  See  under  Pomponius  Labeo,  §  14. 

Tac.  Ann.  6.39  Fine  anni  (sc.  a.  35)  Poppaeus  Sabinus  concessit  vita, 
modicus  originis,  principum  amicitia  consulatum  ac  triumphale  decus  adeptus 
maximisque  provinciis  per  c[uattuor  et  viginti  annos  impositus,  nullam  ob 
exiniiam  artem,  sed  quod  par  negotiis  neque  supra  erat. 

Dio  58.25.4-5  rioTTTraroy  oi  ^a^ivos  rrjs  re  Mv<xias  eKar^pas  Kal  Trpoffiri  Kal  ttjs 
MaKedovias  es  iKelvo  tov  xP^fo^  irapa  iraaav  Cjs  €ive7v  ttjv  toO  Ti^eplov  apx^v  yiye/Mvevaas , 
TJStcrra  irpoa-irrfKKdyT]  irpiv  nva  airlav  \a^tLV.  Kat  avrbv  6  'V-qyovkos  inl  rots  avTots 
Stidi^aTO-  Kai  yap  ij  MaKedovia,  tlis  Be  rivis  (pacri^  Kal  i]   Axaia,  aKXrjpioTi  irpoaeTdaaovro, 

Sabinus  died  in  35,  after  having  had  charge  of  important  prov- 
inces twenty-four  years.     His   administration  seems  to  have   con- 

'*  v.  Prem.  146  ff.  seeks  to  prove  that  Moesia  was  not  organized  as  a  province  before  the 
time  of  Tiberius.  His  conclusions  have  been  adopted  by  most  writers  who  have  had  occasion 
to  refer  to  the  subject  since  the  publication  of  his  article.  He  would  class  Caecina  as  governor 
of  the  military  district  of  Moesia,  which  he  is  careful  to  distinguish  from  the  province  of 
Moesia.  The  parts  of  his  evidence  which  can  be  satisfactorily  established  do  not  however 
seem  to  me  to  be  sufficient  to  warrant  his  conclusions.  But  to  discuss  the  question  in  detail 
would  require  more  space  than  can  be  given  to  it  in  this  paper.    See  §  2. 


tinned  uiiul  tlie  time  of  his  death.  The  beginning  of  his  adminis- 
tration of  provinces  then  was  probably  in  ii,  not  later  than  12.  We 
know  that  he  was  consul  in  9."'  So  far  as  we  know,  Moesia  was 
his  first  province,  and  although  our  first  notice  of  him  there  is  iri 
the  year  15  the  word  prorogatur  implies  that  his  administration  was 
then  in  progress.""  It  may  therefore  have  begun  in  11  or  12,  and 
he  may  have  been  the  successor  of  Caecina  Severus. 

9.  In  the  period  15-44,  while  Moesia,  Macedonia  and  Achaia 
were  united  into  a  single  administrative  district  under  a  consular 
legatus  Augusti,  Poppacus  Sabinus  a.  15-35,  P.  Memmius  Regulus 
a.  35-41/44,  several  other  men  are  mentioned  in  a  way  that  would 
ordinarily  be  construed  to  mean  that  they  were  governors  of  Moesia. 
In  three  of  these  cases  there  is  definite  proof  that  the  person  con- 
cerned had  not  held  the  consulship,  and  in  two  cases  there  is  definite 
proof  that  these  legati  were  acting  in  subordination  to  the  governor 
of  the  larger  district.  (See  10,  14,  16.)  In  one  case  the  person  i? 
known  to  have  held  the  consulship  previously,  but  he  had  held  it 
very  recently,  and  there  were  special  reasons  why  he  should  at  this 
time  be  temporarily  placed  in  this  position  under  a  man  who  had 
preceded  him  by  eight  years  in  the  consulship,  and  was  probably 
even  more  his  senior  in  years  and  experience.  (See  12.)  These 
ol^cers  seem  to  have  held  command  of  the  two  legions  directly, 
which  were  apparently  without  the  usual  legati  legionis  (see  11. 1835, 
quoted  under  16),  and  to  have  had  a  certain  amount  of  initiative  in 
the  employment  of  their  troops  (Tac.  Ann.  3.39,  quoted  under  13). 
though  subject  in  general  to  the  control  of  the  governor  of  the  larger 
district.  There  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  these  legati  performed 
any  civil  or  judicial  functions  in  Moesia.  Direct  evidence  on  this 
point  is  equally  lacking  as  regards  Moesia  for  the  legatus  of  the 
larger  district,  but  the  form  of  Tacitus'  statement,  prorogatur 
Poppaeo  Sabino  provincia  Moesia,  additis  Achaia  ac  Macedonia, 
implies  that  Poppaeus  was  regarded  by  Tacitus  primarily  as  gover- 
nor of  Moesia,  to  whom  the  care  of  Achaia  and  Macedonia  had 
been  given  in  addition.  Suet.  Calig.  25.2  C.  Memmio  Regulo  con- 
sulari  exercitus  regenti  shows  that  to  .Suetonius  it  was  chiefly  this 
governor's  command  of  the  legions  of  Moesia,  for  there  were  no 
le2:ions  at  this  time  in  Achaia  or  Macedonia,  rather  than  the  exten- 


^^  10.963,  10.6369  1.  1,  and  Fasti  Capitolini. 

-"  Of.    appointment   of   lunius   Blaesus   to    Africa,    Tac.    .Vnn.    3.35    (a.    -21)    and    "prjvincia 
Africa  lunio  Blaeso  prorogata,"  Tac.  Ann.  3.5S  (a.  22). 


sion  of  his  command  over  the  other  two  provinces,  that  p^ave  him 
dignity.  The  inference  from  these  authors  is  clearly  that  the  civil 
and  judicial  functions  in  Moesia  devolved  upon  him.  His  residence 
however,  seems  to  have  been  Macedonia,  from  which  at  least  both 
the  negotiations  and  the  campaign  described  in  Tac.  Ann.  4.46-49 
were  conducted.  That  it  was  not  in  Moesia  is  to  be  inferred  also 
from  the  fact  that  it  is  not  Poppaeus  Sabinus.  but  his  lieutenant, 
Vellaeus,  who  acts  in  the  emergency  of  a.  21  (Tac.  Ann.  3.39). 
A.  v.  Domaszewski  has  discussed  some  phases  of  this  anomalous  ad- 
ministrative situation  in  Rh.  Mus.  45  ( 1890)  pp.  1-5. 


10  L.  Pomponius  L.f.  Flaccus  *  15 — 16 

Ovid,  Ex  Ponto  4.9.75-80: 

Praefuit  his.  Graecine.  locis  modo  Flaccus,  et  illo 

Ripa  ferox  Histri  sub  duce  tuta  fuit. 

Hie  tenuit  Mysas  gentes  in  pace  fideli. 

Hie  arcu  fisos  terruit  ense  Getas ; 

Hie   raptam  Troesmin   celeri  virtute   recepit, 

Infeeitque  fero  sanguine  Danuvium. 

This  letter  was  written  in  the  first  half  of  a.  16,  as  is  shown  by  lines  3-8, 
in  which  Ovid  expresses  the  hope  that  it  may  reach  Rome  on  the  first  day  of 
Graecinus'  consulhip,  July  i,  16.  Flaccus'  stay  in  Moesia  ended  therefore  not 
later  than  the  spring  of  that  year.  He  may  have  been  a  legatus  legionis  under 
Sabinus,  and  at  the  end  of  15,  when  Aehaia  and  Macedonia  were  added  to 
Sabinus's  district,  may  have  been  given  increased  authority  in  Moesia,  Sabinus 
being  absent  that  winter  organizing  the  new  administration  in  Aehaia  and 
Macedonia.  The  words  "Praefuit  his  locis"  could  hardly  have  been  used  of 
him  while  he  was  merely  a  legatus  legionis;  the  time  referred  to,  therefore, 
must  be  as  late  as  the  end  of  15.  The  capture  of  Troesmis  from  the  Thracians 
must,  then,  have  taken  place  in  the  winter  of  15/16,  its  recovery  by  the  joint 
forces  of  the  Thracian  king  Rheseuporis  and  the  legatus  of  the  Moesian 
legions  in  the  spring  of  16. 


II 


Latinius  Pandusa  *  19 


See  Tac.  Ann.  2.64-67.     2.64 laetiore  Tiberio  quia  pacem  sapientia 

firmaverat  quam  si  bellum  per  acies  confeeisset.     Igitur  Rhescuporim  quoque, 

Thraeciae  regem,   astu  adgreditur. 65.  -  -  -  -  molliter  rescriptum,   si 

fraus  abesset,  posse  eum  innocentiae  fidere ;  eeterum  neque  se  neque  senatum 
nisi  cognita  causa  ius  et  iniuriam  decreturos :  proinde  tradito  Cotye  veniret 
transferretque    invidiam    eriminis.     66.     Eas    litteras    Latinius    Pandusa    pro 


praetore  Moesiae  cum  iniliiibus  quis  Cotys  traderetur  in  'Ihraciani  misit. 
Rhescuporis  inter  metum  et  iram  cunctatus  nialuit  patrati  quam  incepti  faci- 
noris  reus  esse :  occidi  Cotyn  iubet  mortemque  spontc  sumptam  cmentitur. 
Nee  tamen  Caesar  placitas  semel  artes  mutavit,  sed  defuncto  Pandusa  qucm 
sibi  infensum  Rhescuporis  arguebat,  Pomponium  Flaccum,  vctcrem  stipendiis 
■et  arta  cum  rege  amicitia  eoque  accommodatiorem  ad  fallendum,  ob  id  maxime 
Moesiae  praefecit. 

This  account  is  given  under  the  year  19.  It  covers  the  events  of  several 
years  connected  with  the  succession  to  the  throne  in  Thrace.  The  circum- 
stance that  makes  the  account  appropriate  at  this  point  in  the  Annals,  as  the 
word  igitur  suggests,  is  the  adoption  of  subtle  diplomatic  means  instead  of 
resorting  to  military  force  for  the  settlement  of  the  succession.  It  is  the 
inauguration  of  tliis  policy  that  belongs  to  the  year  19,  as  is  shown  by  the 
tense  of  adgreditur.  The  appointment  of  Flaccus  marks  the  definite  entrance 
upon  the  methods  of  diplomacy,  in  the  deliberate  efifort  to  avoid  the  war 
which  would  naturally  have  followed  the  failure  of  Rhescuporis  to  deliver 
Cotys  to  Pandusa  on  Tiberius's  order.  The  appointment  of  Flaccus  fell 
therefore  in  19.  It  was  probably  well  along  in  the  year,  for  it  was  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  success  of  diplomacy  in  the  settlement  of  the  troubles  in 
Armenia  that  led  to  the  employment  of  the  same  means  in  Thrace.  Pandusa's 
death  therefore  probably  occurred  in  19  rather  than  in  18.  He  had  probably 
succeeded  Flaccus  early  in  16.     See  the  preceding  governor. 


12  L.  Pomponius  L.f.  Flaccus  *  19 — 20 

See  the  preceding  governor  for  text  and  discussion.  Flaccus  was  consul 
ordinarius  a.  17.  His  full  name  is  known  from  Tac.  Ann.  2.66,  6.27;  CIL 
10.6639.15;  and  Dio's  index  of  consuls.  His  successor  was  in  office  a.  21.  See 
next  governor.  He  is  the  same  as  the  governor  of  15-16.  See  §  10.  It  was 
probably  in  his  former  administration  that  he  had  cemented  the  close  friend- 
ship with  King  Rhescuporis,  which  made  him  a  suitable  instrument  in  the 
liands  of  Tiberius  to  manage  the  delicate  diplomatic  situation  with  that  prince 
at  this  time,  and  led  to  this  second  appointment  as  lieutenant  in  Moesia. 


13  P.  Vellaeus  *  21 

Tac.  Ann.  3.39  Quae  (sc.  that  Thracian  tribes  were  besieging  Philip- 
popolis)  ubi  cognita  P.  Vellaeo  (is  proximum  exercitum  praesidebat),  alarios 
equites  ac  levis  cohortium  mittit  in  eos  qui  praedabundi  aut  adsumendis  au- 
xiliis  vagabantur,  ipse  robur  peditum  ad  exsolvendum  obsidium  ducit. 

This  passage  belongs  to  the  account  of  the  year  21.  The  nearest  army 
can  only  have  been  that  of  Moesia.  Vellaeus  seems  to  have  acted  without 
receiving  orders  from  his  superior  Poppaeus  Sabinus.  This  fact  may  be  ex- 
plained by  the  urgency  of  the  situation.  The  events  of  the  year  25  (see  14 
below)  show  clearly  that  the  Moesian  legions  were  subject  to  the  orders  of 
Sabinus. 


14  Pomponius  Labeo  -^  25 — 33 

Tac.  Ann.  4.47  At  Sabinus,  donee  exercitns  in  unum  conduceret,  datis 
mitibus  responsis,  postquam  Pomponius  Labeo  e  Moesia  cum  legione,  rex 
Rhoemetalces  cum  auxiliis  -  -  -  -  venere,  addita  praesenti  copia,  ad  hostem 
pergit. 

Tac.  Ann.  6.29  At  Romae  caede  continua  Pomponius  Labeo,  quern  prae- 
fuisse  Moesiae  rettuli,  per  abruptas  venas  sanguinem  effudit;  aemulataque  est 
coniunx  Paxaea. 

Dio  58.24.3  -  -  -  -  Kai  IIoyU.Tr'Wj'tos  Aajiedjv.  Kat  ovros  fiev  ttjs  t€  Mvaias  iroTk  6kt<1> 
fTecn  fiera  t7]v  (XTpaT7]yiav  dp^as,  Kal  ddipu^v  pxTO,  ttjs  ywaLKos  ypacpels,  iOeXovrl  avv  avrr) 
Si.e(p6dpr). 

Tac.  Ann.  4.47  forms  part  of  the  narrative  of  the  year  26.     The  campaign 

there  described  ended  late  in  the  autumn.     Tac.  Ann.  4.51 rehquis  quo 

minus  vi  aut  obsidio  subigerentur  praematura  Montis  Haemi  et  saeva  hiems 
subvenit.  The  first  thing  mentioned  under  the  year  26  is  the  bestowal  of  the 
triumphal  insignia  upon  Sabinus  for  this  victory,  so  that  the  campaign  must 
have  been  made  in  25,  This  shows  that  Pomponius  Labeo  was  legatus  in 
Moesia  in  that  year.  He  killed  himself  in  34  (Tac.  Ann.  6.29)  as  a  result  of 
a  charge  of  bribery  lodged  against  him.  (  Dio,  1.  c. )  The  charge  would 
probably  follow  soon  after  the  laying  down  of  his  command.  Dio  tells  us 
that  he  was  in  Moesia  eight  years.  His  term  probably  began  in  25,  and 
ended  in  s^  or  s;^.  He  had  probably  been  recalled  after  the  death  of  Sejanus 
and  remained  in  disfavor  as  his  friend.'"* 


15  P.  Memmius  P.f.  Regulus  35—42/44 

IG  4.1139c  (Asclepieum  Epidaurium)  0:  ' Axaiol  USttXiov  M^fifiiov  UoirXlov 
viof  'Vrjy\ov  rbv  ea.vTG)v  evepyiTtfv. 

Dio  58.25.4-5  Quoted  under  8. 

IG  3.613  niTrXiop  M^fJiixiov  'P'^7Xoj'  [virariKdv,  TTpedjievT^riv  Ti^eplov  Kaicrapos 
'Ee^aaTOv  K[al  avriar^pdrriyov  Kai  Tifieplov  KXavdiov  Kaicrapos  'Ze^aarov  Tep/JiaviKov 
' Adrjvaiuv  6  iwl  tovs  OTrXt'ras  ffTpar-qyos  Kal  dyoivod^Tijs  tC}v  Ti^epiov  KXavdLov  Kaicrapos 
Se/SatTToO  dyojvuv  Nowos  ^iKeivov  i^  Oi'ov  rbv  eavTov  evepyirrjv  iK  twc  Idicjv  dvidr]Kev. 

Suet.  Calig.  25.2  Lolliam  Pauhnam,  C.  Memmio  consulari  exercitus 
regenti  nuptam,  facta  mentione  aviae  eius  ut  quondam  pulcherrimae,  subito 
ex  provincia  evocavit  ac  perductam  a  marito  coniunxit  sibi  brevique  missam 
fecit,  interdicto  cuiusquam  in  perpetuam  coitu.  Cf.  Dio  59.12,  a.  38,  a  brief 
account  of  the  same. 

6.2028c,  11.  34-5  [P.  Memmius  Regulus]  (  probable  restoration)  chosen 
a  frater  arvalis.  May  24,  38.  Ibid.,  e,  1.  4  [P.  Memmius  Rejgulus  present  at 
meeting  of  fratres  arvales,  just  before  Sept.  22,,  38;  ibid.,  1.  10,  [P.  Mem]mius 
Regulus  present  Sept.  22,,  38;  ibid.,  f,  1.  i,  [P.  Me]mmius  Regulus  present 
Oct.  12,  38. 

2'">  Compare  the  contemporary  case  of  Lentulus  Gaetuliciis,  Tac.   Ann.  6.30. 


That  P.  Memmius  Regulus  was  the  son  of  Publius  is  fully  estab- 
"lished  by  IG  4.1 139  c."  He  was  consul  a.31.''  He  became  imperial 
legate  of  the  combined  provinces  of  Moesia,  Macedonia,  and  Achaia 
a.  35/'  succeeding  C.  Poppaeus  Sabinus  in  this  command.  IG  3.613 
shows  that  he  governed  these  provinces  under  both  Tiberius  and 
Claudius.  The  name  of  Caligula  has  been  omitted  from  the  inscrip- 
tion as  a  damnatus,  but  Suet.  Calig.  25.2  and  Dio  59.12  show 
that  he  continued  to  hold  the  command  under  that  emperor.  He 
was  absent  from  his  provinces  for  a  time  in  38.  at  least  from  May 
until  October  (6.2028),  having  been  summoned  to  Rome  by  the 
emperor.  How  long  he  held  the  office  under  Claudius  we  have  no 
means  of  determining.  He  can  not  have  held  it  later  than  44,  for 
in  that  year  Macedonia  and  Achaia  were  given  back  to  the  Senate."' 
It  may  be  that  the  union  of  the  three  provinces  under  one  command 
was  discontinued  earlier  than  this  in  the  reign  of  Claudius.  (See 
n.  26.)     This  would  mean  that  Regulus  was  relieved  of  this  com- 


^  This  inscription  should  have  prevented  tlio  incorrect  restoration  [rat'ou]  viov  in  912a 
of  the  same  volume  of  IG.  It  shows  the  text  of  Suet.  Calig.  25,2  to  be  incorrect  in  giving  him 
the  praenomen  Gaius.  It  also  justifies  Dittenberger's  restoration  in  Arch.  Zeit.  35  (1877)  p. 
191,   n.  93,  which  De^au,   Pros.   M  342,   hesitated  to  accept. 

2=  Tac.   Ann.  5.11,  6.4;  Dio  58.9-11,  13. 

23  Dio  58.25.4-5.  The  date  has  often  been  wrongly  given  as  36,  especially  in  notes  on 
Greek  inscriptions.  Dio's  statement  in  this  passage  has  been  called  in  question  without  good 
reason  by  Mommsen  in  his  note  on  3.7267,  an  inscription  of  Epidaurus.  [Aesculapio?]  d.  d.|  [q 
prov.  Cretae  et  Cyren]arum,  trib.  pi.,  |  [XVvir  s]acr.  fac,  sodalis  |  [augustalis],  leg. 
Oaesarum  |  [D]|almatiae  et  exercitus  |  [Illyi-ici,  procos]  provinc  Asiae.  He  restores 
this  inscription  in  the  way  indicated  above  and  suggests  in  his  note  that  its  sub- 
ject may  be  our  P.  Memmius  Regulus.  He  adds,  "obstat,  quod  legatus  praefuisse  dieitiu- 
non  Dalmatiae,  sed  secundum  Dionem  58.25  successit  Poppaeo  Sabino  legato  Moesiae  utriusque 
et  Macedoniae;  (quotes  Dio  58.25.5.  See  above).  Sed  potest  in  hac  narratione  error  inesse." 
Tliere  are  several  objections  to  the  suggestions  in  this  note.  Dalmatia  is  not  found  as  the 
name  of  a  province  so  early  as  the  proconsulship  of  Regulus  in  Asia.  The  expression  exercitus 
Illyrieus  is  also  later  than  this  date.  No  other  legatus  Dalmatiae  et  exercitus  Illyrici  is 
ijnown.  Dio's  testimony  that  Regulus  governed  Achaia  as  a  legatus  Augusti  is  supported  by 
Greek  inscriptions  (Cf.  IG  3.613  above;  and  CIG  1076).  We  know  from  Tac.  Ann.  1.80  and 
from  other  passages  that  Poppaeus  Sabinus  governed  Moesia,  Macedonia  and  Achaia;  that  this 
combination  should  have  continued  until  Macedonia  and  Achaia  were  returned  to  the  Senate 
a.  44  (Dio  60.24,  Suet.  Claud.  25)  is  more  probable  than  that  the  new  combination  of  Dalmatia 
and  Moesia  should  have  been  made,  especially  since  the  latter  would  have  placed  the  governor 
in  command  of  very  great  forces  close  to  Rome,  a  situation  which  would  have  been  avoided. 
Even  without  the  two  legions  of  Moesia  a  governor  of  Dalmatia  raised  the  standard  of  revolt 
against  Claudius  in  the  second  year  of  his  reign.  (Dio  60.15,  Sent.  Claud.  13.)  It  should  be 
added  that  Mommsen  elsewhere  (3.567  n.)  accepts  this  passage  of  Dio  at  its  face  value.  I  am 
unable  to  believe  that  P.  Memmius  Regulus  was  the  subject  of  the  inscription  3.7267. 

^  Dio  60.24  (quoted  n.  26),  Suet.  Claud.  25.  Since  we  must  suppose  that  the  "veteran! 
qui  militaverunt  (in  leg.  V  Maced.)  sub  P.  Mem[mi]o  Regulo  legato  Augustali  et  missi  sunt 
Q.  Eutetio  Lusio  Saturnino  M.  Seio  Verano  coss"  (3.8753)  were  mustered  out  under  Regulus 
tlie  date  of  the  consulship  of  Satuminus  and  Veranus,  which  is  unknowTi,  lies  within  the 
period  of  this  administration. 


manci  earlier  than  44.  We  liave  no  record  of  any  governors  who 
held  the  joint  command  of  the  three  provinces  except  Poppaeus 
Sabinus  and  Resrulus. 


-fe' 


16  Martius  L.f.  Pom.  Macer  *  41/44 

II. 1835  (Arretium).  Martio  L.  f.  Pom.  [Mac]ro,  trib.  mil.  leg.  II,  IIII- 
vir.  v[iar.  cur.,  q.,]  aed.  cur.,  pr.,  leg.  Ti.  Claudi  Caes[aris  Aug.  pr.]  pr. 
provinc.  Moesiae  leg.  IV  Scyt[hic.  et  leg.]  V  Maced.,  procos.  prov.  Achai[ae 
citr]a  sortem,  ex  d.  d.  p. 

Since  Martius  Macer  governed  Moesia,  with  a  garrison  of  two  legions, 
as  a  praetor,  he  must  have  been  subordinate  to  a  governor  of  higher  rank 
who  was  in  charge  of  Moesia,  Macedonia,  and  Achaia  jointly,  as  Poppaeus 
Sabinus  and  Memmius  Regulus  (see  8  and  15)  were.  This  arrangement  was 
terminated  a.  44.^  His  legateship  in  Moesia  therefore  was  in  the  interval 
between  the  accession  of  Claudius,  a.  41,  and  this  date.^*^ 


17  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus  * 

3.567  (Delphi)  is  a  decree  of  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr., 
deciding  a  boundary  dispute  between  Delphi  and  Anticyra,  by  the  order  of 
the  emperor,  who  is  styled  "optimus  princeps." 

Achaia  was  under  a  proconsul  except  from  15  to  44,  when,  together  with 
Macedonia  and  Moesia,  it  was  governed  by  a  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore. 
It  has  been  suggested  that  this  decree  belongs  to  that  period.  Mommsen  has 
pointed  out  (CIL,  1.  c.)  that  "optimus  princeps"  suits  Trajan  better  than  an 
earlier  emperor.  (Cf.  Hirschfeld  on  12.3164.)  I  have  not  found  the  title 
applied  to  an  earlier  emperor  than  Trajan,  nor  to  Trajan  earlier  than  109/110 
(2.2010).  An  Avidius  Nigrinus  was  killed  in  118,  either  on  the  charge  of  con- 
spiring against  the  Emperor  Hadrian,  after  having  been  designated  by  Hadrian 
as  his  successor  (Vit.  Hadr.  7.1-3),  or  merely  because  of  his  wealth  and  influ- 
ence, as  Dio  has  it  (69.2).  It  is  evident  that  this  man  can  not  have  been 
governor  of  the  united  provinces  Moesia,  Achaia,  and  Macedonia  seventy-four 
years  earlier.     If  there  were  evidence  for  a  governor  of  that  name  and  date 

25  Dio  60.24;   Suet.   Claud.   25. 

^  From  the  fact  that  he  was  procos.  prov.  Achaiae  citra  sortem  it  seems  probable  that 
he  was  transferred  directly  from  Moesia  to  Achaia  by  the  favor  of  Claudius,  and  that  his  term 
in  Achaia  may  have  ended  rather  than  begvm  in  44.  His  proeonsulship  would  then  form  a 
transition  step  between  the  recent  arrangement  and  the  return  to  the  regular  order  of  sena- 
torial government  described  by  Dio,  60.24,  t'^j'  re  ' Axa/ai'  Kal  tt]v  MaKfdovlav atriboiKev 

6  KXavdios  t6t€  ti}  KX-qpifi  Kal  roiis  arparrjyoiis  roiis  itrt  ttjs  dioiKifjcreics  KaraKvcras  raniais 
avT7]v  Kara  to  apxawv  iwiTpeypev^ .  Compare  aKKrjpWTi^  used  by  Dio  58.25.5.  in  de- 
scribing the  appointment  of  Regulus,  and  citra  sortem  in  11.1835  above,  used  of  the  appoint- 
ment of  Macer  in  Achaia,  with  airiSwKev  tSts  (sc.  a.  44)  ry  /cX-^py  in  this  passage. 

Von  Domaszewski  lias  discussed  this  inscription  in  Rh.  Mus.  45  (1890)  pp.  1  f. 

8 


we  should  have  to  assume  that  lie  was  a  different  Nigrinus  from  the  one  killed 
in  1 18.  But  there  is  no  such  evidence.  The  most  probable  assumption  is 
that  he  was  a  legatus  of  the  emperor,  whose  special  mission  was  to  the 
civitates  liberae  as  corrector  or  curator,  such  as  are  met  with  in  Achaia 
from  Trajan's  time  on,  but  do  not  appear  earlier  than  the  age  of  Trajan. 
The  order  of  the  names  'NiypTve  Kal  Kvvre  in  Plutarch  Moralia  478  B,  where 
he  dedicates  his  Uepi  <Pi\ad€X4>las  to  them,  indicates  that  he  was  an  older 
brother  of  T.  Avidius  Quietus.  (See  26.)  He  can  hardly  have  been  identical 
with  the  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus  of  3.7904.     (See  58.) 


18  A.  Didius  Gallus  45/46 

3.7247  (Olympia)  A.  Didius  G[allus,  leg]atus  [Ti.]|  Claudi  Caes[aris] 
Aug.  Ger[mani]  |ci,  triumphal[ibus  o]rnamen[tis|  XVvir]  s.  f.,  proco[s. 
.  .  .  .  ]e  et  Sicilia[e,  leg.  |  pro.  pr.  Moejsiae,  pr[aefectu]s  equitat.  |  [  .  .  .  . 
impe]ratoris  [iussu?]  |   .  .  .  .  ^' 

Tac.  Ann.  12.15  At  Mithradates  Bosporanus  amissis  opibus  vagus,  post- 
quam  Didium  ducem  Romanum  roburque  exercitus  abisse  cognoverat,  relictos 
in  novo  regno  Cotyn  iuventa  rudem  et  paucas  cohortium  cum  lulio  Aquila 
equite  Romano,  spretis  utrisque,  concire  nationes,  inlicere  perfugas, . 

Catalogue  of  Greek  Coins  in  the  British  Museum,  Pontus,  p.  52,  no.  i  A 
coin  of  Cotys,  head  of  Claudius  on  one  side,  on  the  other   Ba.  K.    and   BMT. 

Frontinus,  De  Aquaed.  2.102  Gallo,  Q.  Veranio  et  Pompeio  Longo  cos., 
(successit)   Cn.  Domitius  Afer. 

The  expulsion  of  Mithradates  and  the  estabUshment  of  Cotys 
on  the  throne  of  Bosporus,  which  Tacitus  here  attributes  to  Gallus, 
would  most  naturally  have  been  undertaken  by  him  as  governor  of 
Moesia  and  justifies  the  reading  [Moe]siae  in  3.724'/.  The  coin  of 
Cotys  shows  that  Cotys  was  ruling  in  Bosporus  Oct.  45/Oct.  46. 
Gallus  was  therefore  governor  of  Moesia  as  early  as  45  or  46.  After 
the  departure  of  Gallus  from  Pontus,  Mithradates  and  Cotys  each 
formed  alliances  among  the  neighboring  kings  and  continued  the 
war  (Tac.  Ann.  12. 15- 17).  Mithradates  after  being  defeated  sur- 
rendered to  Eunones,  and  finally  after  negotiations  with  Claudius 
went  to  Rome,  arriving  a.  49  (Tac.  Ann.  12.18-21).  These  facts 
seem  to  favor  the  later  of  the  two  dates  given  above  as  the  year  of 
the  interference  of  Gallus  in  the  affairs  of  Bosporus,  for  the  war 

^'  I  have  used  the  restoration  proposed  by  Moninisen  in  GIL.  A  different  restoration  is 
proposed  by  v.  Domaszewski,  Mitt.  d.  arch.  Inst,  zu  Rom  6  (1891)  pp.  163-167,  which  Momnisen 
criticises,  CIL  3.12278.  As  they  agi-ee  in  the  restoration  at  the  end  of  line  4  and  the  beginning 
of  line  5,  their  difference  does  not  affect  the  reading-  of  the  inscription  foi'  the  purpose  for 
whicli  I  wisli  to  use  it. 


between  Cotys  and  Mithradates  probably  did  not  last  more  than  one 
year  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  Roman  governor. 

In  a. 49  Gallus  gave  up  the  curatorship  of  the  aquae  at  Rome. 
(Frontinus,  1.  c.)'"  He  must  have  returned  from  his  province  some 
time,  say  two  or  three  years,  before  this.  It  seems  likely  therefore 
that  a.  46  or  at  latest  a.  47  was  his  last  in  Moesia. 


19  Flavius  Sabinus  46/54  to  52/60 

Tac.  Hist.  3.7s  Hie  exitus  viri  (sc.  Flavi  Sabini)  baud  sane  spernendi. 
Quinque  et  triginta  stipendia  in  re  publica  fecerat  domi  militiaeque  clarus. 
Innocentiam  iustitiamque  eius  non  argueres ;  sermoni  nimius  erat :  id  unum 
septem  annis  quibus  Moesiam,  duodecim  quibus  praefecturam  urbis  obtinuit 
calumniatus  est  rumor. 

L.  Volusius  Saturninus  died  while  prefect  of  the  city  in  56  (cf. 
Tac.  Ann.  13.30  with  Plin.  N.  H.  7.14.62).  If  duodecim  is  the  cor- 
rect reading"  in  our  passage  Sabinus  must  have  been  appointed  as  his 
successor  in  56.  Borghesi,  Op.  3.327-328,  9.265,  emends  here,  with 
great  probability,  as  it  seems  to  me.  for  duodecim  or  XII  totidem 

-^  The  111s.  of  Frontinus  is  corrupt  at  this  point.  The  photo^'aphic  facsimile  of  the  ms. 
reproduced  in  Herschel,  Frontinus  and  the  Water  Supply  of  Rome,  gives  the  following  reading: 
laenatiaquila  iunianus.  et  nonius  asprenate  eon|sulebus.  M.poreius  cato  huic  successit.postquem 
serasinius  celera.  |  tonio  quintiliano  consulibus.adidius.gallius.gallo  Q.  veranius.  |et  pompeius 
long"us  consules.cn. domitius  afer.     The  division  of  words,  the  points,  and  capitals  are  those 

of  the  nis.  The  space  before  tonio  quintiliano  is  at  the  beginning  of  the  line  and  the  same 
amount  of  space  in  the  line  above  it  contains  the  letters  sule.  The  acta  fratrum  arvalium  In 
a  fragment  (see  Henzen,  Acta  Prat.  Arv.,  p.  XLV;  OIL  6.2028.  d.  18)  which  seems  to  belong  to 
the  year  38  has  ....  nio  Quinctlliano  cos.,  being  part  of  the  name  of  the  second  of  the 
consules  suflfecti  of  the  year  to  which  the  fragment  belongs.  Aquila  luliaims  and  Nonius 
Asprenas  were  the  consules  ordinarii  of  a.  38.  Nipperdey  (Philologus,  6  (1851),  378;  op.  450) 
arguing  from  Tac.  Ann.  4.68  and  4.71  that  Cato  certainly  was  put  to  death  under  Gaius,  and 
comparing  the  passages  in  Frontinus  and  the  acta,  emends  "post  quem"  to  "post  mensem", 
and  follovidng  his  emendation  the  passage  is  given  in  our  editions  as  follows:  Laenati  Aquila 
luliano  et  Nonio  Asprenate  consulibus  M.  Porcius  Cato.  Huic  successit  post  mensem  Ser. 
Asinio  Celere  A.  Nonio  Quintiliano  consulibus  A.  Didius  Gallus.  Gallo  Q.  Veranio  et  Pompeio 
cos.  Cn.  Domitius  Afer.  Tliis  makes  Gallus  curator  aquarum  from  a.  38  to  a.  49.  But  we 
know,  as  shown  above,  that  lie  was  governor  of  Moesia  about  45.  He  could  not,  of  course, 
have  held  both  these  offices  at  the  same  time.  V.  Domaszewski,  1.  c,  meets  this  difficulty  by 
making  a  different  restoration  of  our  inscription  and  supposing  that  our  evidence  concerns 
two  Galli,  of  wliich  the  curator  aquarum  and  the  governor  of  Britain,  51  or  52  to  57  or  58,  is 
the  father,  and  the  governor  of  Moesia  named  in  Tac.  Ann.  12.15  and  in  this  inscription  is  the 
son.  We  know  from  Tac.  Ann.  12.40,  Didius  senectute  gravis  et  multa  copia  honorum  per 
ministros  agere  et  arcere  hostem  satis  habebat,  that  the  governor  of  Britain  was  too  old  to 
keep  tlie  field  in  person.  His  predecessor  had  been  worn  to  death  by  the  heavy  burdens  im- 
posed upon  him  by  tliis  war  (Tac.  Ann.  12.39),  and  although  Gallus  made  a  hasty  journey  to 
Britain  he  foimd  affairs  in  a  bad  way  on  his  arrival.  Tac.  Ann.  12.40,  Is  propere  vectus,  non 
tamen  integras  res  invenit,  adversa  interim  legiones  pugna.  Tacitus  |eems  to  imply  that  at 
the  time  of  his  appointment  it  was  felt  that  he  was  not  the  proper  man  for  the  place,  but 
that  a  suitable  man  was  not  available.    Tac.   Ann.   12.40  At  Caesar,   cognita  morte  legati,   ne 

10 


or  A'TT.  We  know  from  Tac.  Ann.  14.42  that  Pedanius  Secundus 
was  killed  while  prefect  of  the  city  in  61.  It  is  difficult  to  account 
for  a  break  in  the  prefecture  of  Sabinus  to  admit  that  of  Pedanius 
and  suppose  that  he  was  a  second  time  appointed  to  this  office  in  61. 
If  Sabinus  became  prefect  for  the  first  time  in  61,  he  would  have 
served  about  seven  years  by  the  end  of  Nero's  reign,  to  which  he 
added  a  few  months  under  Otho  and  Vitcllius.  We  know  that  in 
43  he  was  an  officer  in  Britain  serving  under  his  brother  Vespasian 
who  was  at  that  time  a  legatus  legionis.  Dio  60.20.3  -  -  -  - 
iTriSieTre/ii'^e  tov  re  OvecrTraaiavov  top  ^Xdoviov  -  -  -  -  Kai  rov 
a8€X(f>ov  avrov  "^afilvov  vTrocrrparruovvTci  01.  Suet.  Vesp.  4  Nar- 
cissi gratia  legatus  legionis  in  Germaniam  missus  est  (V^espasianus)  ; 

inde  in  Britanniam  translatus .       Sabinus  probably  had  not 

been  praetor,  since  he  was  serving  under  a  legatus  legionis.  and 
would  thus  have  the  praetorship  and  the  consulship  yet  to  hold 
before  being  sent  to  Moesia.  Vespasian  seems  at  this  time  to  have 
been  ahead  of  Sabinus  in  the  cursus  honorum.     It  does  not  seem 

pio^ancia  sine  rectore  foret,  A.  Didium  suffecit.  If  there  was  an  A.  Didiiis  Gallus,  the  Younger, 
wlio  was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  in  45  or  46,  he  must  have  been  forty-five  years  old  at 
least  by  51  or  52;  he  had  won  triumphal  ornaments  for  success  in  an  independent  campaign; 
he  was  surely  back  from  Moesia  by  this  time,  and  would  have  been  much  more  suitable  for 
the  task  in  Britain  than  his  aged  father.  Besides,  if  the  elder  Didius  had  a  son  of  this  age  he 
must  himself  have  been  65  or  70  years  old  at  the  time  of  his  appointment  and  would  hardly 
have  been  retained  in  the  province  for  five  or  six  years,  as  we  know  this  governor  was.  These 
reasons,  together  with  those  urged  by  Mommsen  against  the  novelties  in  the  reading  of  the 
inscription  proposed  bj-  v.  Domaszewski,  make  it  seem  to  me  very  improbable  that  we  are  deal- 
ing in  our  evidence  with  two  men,  father  and  son.  But  Nipperdey's  emendation  of  the  passage 
is  also  open  to  another  objection.  The  copyist  who  made  tlie  manuscript  of  Montecassino  seems 
to  have  been  a  very  careful  one,  and  whenever  he  could  not  make  out  the  reading  of  his 
original  his  custom  was  to  leave  a  lacuna  or  to  indicate  his  uncertainty  by  a  different  style  of 
lettering.  (See  Gunderman's  review  of  Herschel's  Frontinus  in  Berl.  Pliil.  Woch.,  Nov.  14, 
1903,  col.  1454.)  He  indicates  no  uncertainty  in  'post  quem',  and  paleographically  it 
would  be  a  difficult  thing  to  mistake  mensem  for  quem.  Again,  post  quem  followed  by  the 
names  of  the  consuls  and  the  name  of  the  new  curator  occurs  a  few  lines  further  down,  and  is 
thus  in  harmony  with  Frontinus's  mode  of  expression,  and  in  this  place  it  furnishes  a  varia- 
tion for  the  dative  of  the  name  of  the  retiring  curator  or  the  dative  of  huie  standing  for  such 
name,  which  he  has  been  using  down  to  this  point.  It  seems  to  me  more  probable  that  a  line 
of  the  copyist's  original  has  been  dropt  after  huic  successit,  and  that  this  line  contained  (1) 
the  names  of  the  consuls  of  some  j'ear,  possibly  the  suffecti  of  38,  and  (2)  the  name  of  the 
successor  of  Cato.  This  would  then  be  followed  by  post  quem  Ser.  Asinius  Celera  ....  tonio 
consulibus  A.  Didius  Gallus.  It  is  not  at  all  certain  that  Ser.  .\sinius  Celer  was  consul  in 
38.  We  know  from  Sen.  De  Mort.  Claud.  13.5  that  he  was  a  friend  of  Claudius,  a  consular, 
and  that  Claudius  caused  his  death.  He  may  have  enjoyed  the  consulsliip  also  under 
Claudius;  or  he  may  have  been  consul  under  or  before  Caligula,  but  Plin.,  N.  H.  17.67  does 
not  necessarily  imply  this.  It  is  also  to  be  seriously  questioned  whetlier  the  ....  tonio 
Quintiliano  of  Frontinus  is  the  ...  .  nio  Quinctiliano  of  the  acta  of  (probably)  a.  38,  or  the 
Nonius  of  our  fasti.  No  A.  Nonius  Quintilianus  is  known  from  any  other  source,  and  the  'a'  at 
the  end  of  Celera  is  plain  in  the  ms.,  as  is  the  't'  in  the  ....  tonio.  However  the  tangle  of 
the  ms.  of  Frontinus  be  explained,  we  can  feel  reasonably  certain  that  Gallus  did  not  become 
curator  aquarum  in  38.  The  most  probable  date  seems  to  be  47,  after  his  return  from  Moesia. 
The  consules  suffecti  of  that  year  are  unknown. 

II 


likely  that  Sabinus  would  have  been  promoted  faster  than  Vespasian 
while  Narcissus  was  alive,  especially  since  Vespasian's  record  in 
Britain  was  notably  a  fine  one"'  (Tac.  Hist.  3.44;  Agric.  13).  Ves- 
pasian was  consul  in  51.  Unless  Sabinus  was  consul  by  48  he  could 
not  have  served  seven  years  in  Moesia,  and  after  that  have  become 
praefectus  urbis  in  56.  Even  this  would  have  required  him  to  be 
sent  to  Moesia  immediately  after  his  consulship,  which  is  hardly  in 
accord  with  the  importance  of  the  command  at  this  period.  His 
predecessor  was  made  curator  aquarum  and  he  himself  praefectus 
urbis  on  returning  from  Moesia,  offices  filled  only  by  the  most  ex- 
perienced and  able  men  in  the  state  at  this  period.  Of  the  next 
three  governors  two  had  been  proconsul  of  Asia  before  being  sent 
to  Moesia  and  the  other  was  proconsul  of  Asia,  but  we  cannot  say 
whether  before  or  after  his  Moesian  command.  These  considera- 
tions seem  to  me  to  add  somewhat  to  the  probability  of  Borghesi's 
emendation.  While  no  positive  assertion  can  be  made,  the  years 
53  to  60  seem  probable  dates  for  his  administration  of  Moesia. 

20  Ti.  Plautius  M.f.   Ani.   Silvanus  Aelianus  61 

14.3608  (Tibur)  Ti.  Plautio  M.  f.  Ani.  Silvano  Aeliano  pontif.,  sodali 
Aug.,  Illvir.  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  q.  Ti.  Caesaris,  legat.  leg.  V  in  Germania,  pr.  urb., 
legat.  et  comiti  Claud.  Caesaris  in  Brittannia,  consuli,  procos.  Asiae,  legat. 
pro  praet.  Moesiae,  in  qua  plura  quam  centum  mill,  ex  numero  Transdanu- 
vianor.  ad  praestanda  tributa  cum  coniugib.  ac  liberis  et  principibus  aut  regibus 
suis  transduxit.  Motum  orientem  Sarmatar.  compressit  quamvis  parte  magna 
exercitus  ad  expeditionem  in  Armeniam  misisset.  Ignotos  ante  aut  infensos 
p.  R.  reges  signa  Romana  adoraturos  in  ripam  quam  tuebatur  perduxit. 
Regibus  Bastarnarum  et  Rhoxolanorum  filios,  Dacorum  fratrum  (sic)  captos 
aut  hostibus  ereptos  remisit  ;  ab  aliquis  eorum  opsides  accepit  per  quem 
pacem  provinciae  et  confirmavit  et  protulit  ;  Scytharum  quoque  regem  a 
Cherronensi,  quae  est  ultra  Borustenen,  opsidione  summoto.  Primus  ex  ea 
provincia  magno  tritici  modo  annonam  p.  R.  adlevavit.  Hunc  legatum  in 
Hispaniam  ad  praefectur.  urbis  remissum  senatus  in  praefectura  triumphalibus 
ornamentis  honoravit,  auctore  imp.  Caesare  Augusto  Vespasiano  verbis  ex 
oratione  eius  q.  i.  s.  s. : 

"Moesiae  ita  praefuit  ut  non  debuerit  in  me  differri  honor  triumphalium 
eius  ornamentorum;  nisi  quod  latior  ei  contigit  mora  titulus  praefecto  urbis. 

^'  Tacitus'  statement,  Hist.  3.75,  Quod  inter  oninis  oonstiterit,  ante  principatum  Vespa- 
siani  decus  domus  apud  Sabinum  erat,  is  to  be  understood  only  of  the  time  after  51,  and  is 
explained  by  Sent.  Vesp.  4,  Medium  tempus  (from  his  consulship)  ad  proconsulatum  usque  in 
otio  secessuque  (Vespasianus)  egit,  Agrippinam  tiniens  potentem  adhuc  apud  fllium  et  defuncti 
quoque  Narcissi  amici  perosam.  During-  these  years  Sabinus  was  holding  high  offices,  and  was 
looked  upon  as  the  leading  man  of  the  family. 

12 


Hunc  in  eadem  praefectura  urbis  imp.  Caesar  Aug.  Vespasianus  iterum 
COS.  fecit. 

Le  Bas  3.600  a  (Tralles,  Asia)  N^pwva  KXavdiov  Kaicrapa  Se/Sao-r^v  TepfiaviKdv 
AiiTOKpaTopa  debv  6  dijP'Oi  6  Kaicrap^asv  KadUptvfffv^  iirl  avdvirdrov  Ti^eplov  IlXavriov 
'SiXovavoO  AlXiavov . 

The  Greek  inscription  shows  that  Silvanus  was  proconsul  of  Asia 
under  Nero.  It  was  probably  early  in  Nero's  reign,  possibly  in  55. 
The  Latin  inscription  shows  that  the  proconsulship  in  Asia  preceded 
the  legateship  in  Moesia.  His  date  in  Moesia  was  therefore  not 
earlier  than  56.  \'espasian's  words,  nt  non  debuerit  in  me  differri 
honor  triumphalium  eius  ornamentorum,  imply  that  the  deeds  for 
which  Silvanus  is  honored  were  performed  under  a  former  emperor, 
whom  we  readily  see  to  have  been  Nero.  This  shows  the  date  to 
have  been  not  later  than  68.  All  who  have  studied  the  inscription'" 
assign  a  date  within  these  limits.  Two  statements  in  the  inscription 
have  formed  the  basis  of  attempts  to  date  it  more  closely :  per  quem 
pacem  provinciae  et  confirmavit  et  protulit,  and,  quamvis  parte(m) 
magna(m)  exercitus  ad  expeditionem  in  Armenian!  misisset.  Rea- 
soninp-  from  these  statements  one  of  two  dates   has  usually  been 

o 

reached,  57  or  62/63. 

The  earlier  date  is  usually  arrived  at  by  interpreting  the 
first  statement,  per  qu[ae]  (sc.  his  deeds)  et  pacem  provinciae 
confirmavit  et  [fines]  protulit.  It  is  proved  by  3.781  and 
Latyschew  i.i,  that  the  era  used  in  Tyra,  a  city  on  the  coast 
of  the  Black  sea  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  subject  in  later 
years  to  the  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  began  with  the  year  57. 
It  has  been  supposed  that  it  was  added  to  the  empire  and  to  the 
province  of  Moesia  by  the  activity  of  this  governor  and  began  a 
new  era  in  its  chronology  because  of  this.  The  change  in  the  Latin 
required  to  secure  this  interpretation  of  the  inscription  is  violent. 
It  leaves  Ab  aliquis  eorum  opsides  accepit  without  natural  connec- 
tion with  the  preceding  and  the  following  clauses,  changes  quem 
to  quae,  moves  et  back  to  precede  pacem,  and  introduces  the  word 
fines  which  could  hardly  have  been  omitted.  Moreover  it  gives  a 
sense  that  is  not  in  harmony  with  the  whole  tenor  of  the  praise 
bestowed  on  Silvanus.    Nowhere  in  the  inscription  is  it  claimed  that 

="•  Some  of  these  are  the  following:  Borghesi,  Op.  4  p.  230,  S  p.  427;  Henzen,  Annal. 
Inst.  Arch.  1859  pp.  5  ff . ;  Mommsen,  Provinces  of  the  Roman  Empire,  vol.  1,  pp.  235  f.,  Eng. 
tr.;  Dessau,  CIL,  1.  c. ;  v.  Domaszewski,  Rh.  Mus.  47  (1892)  pp.  208-210;  Vollmer,  Rh.  Mus. 
53  (1898)  pp.  636  f. ;  Sehmsdorf,  Die  Germanen  in  den  Balkenlandern,  pp.  34-.38;  Filow,  op. 
cit.,  pp.  8  ff.  Many  others  have  used  it  in  discussions  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  compelled  to 
pass  judgment  on  its  date. 

13 


he  added  to  the  territory  of  his  province.  He  is  honored  for  havinsj 
secured  the  peace  of  his  province  and  made  it  profitable  to  the 
Roman  people,  achievements  which  Emperor  and  Senate  were  well 
able  to  appreciate  at  the  time  when  this  decree  was  passed,  just  after 
serious  losses  at  the  hands  of  these  same  troublesome  neighbors, 
including  the  life  of  a  consular  governor'^'  and  perhaps  the  complete 
annihilation  of  a  Roman  legion.^"  These  events  had  occurred  prob- 
ably not  more  than  two  or  three  years  after  the  close  of  his  admin- 
istration, which  may  have  covered  seven  years.  To  100,000  Trans- 
danuvians  he  gave  homes  within  the  province,  changing  them  from 
a  menace  to  payers  of  tribute ;  he  checked  the  Sarmatae  who  were 
threatening  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  province ;  he  won  the  grati- 
tude of  the  kings  of  the  Bastarnae  and  the  Rhoxolani,  frequent 
marauders  of  the  province,  by  helping  them  against  some  wandering" 
foe  that  had  attacked  them,  probably  the  lazyges  f^  a  like  service  he 
performed  for  the  kings  of  the  Dacians  who  had  been  called  fratres^' 
of  the  Roman  people ;  the  Bosporan  Chersonese,  which  had  long 
been  nominally  Roman,  he  relieved  from  siege.  His  province, 
with  the  population  within  its  borders  increased  and  the  blessings 
of  peace  secured,  was  able  to  furnish  such  a  supply  of  grain  to 
Rome  as  to  lower  the  price  in  the  city.  The  only  change  necessary 
in  the  passage  in  question  under  this  interpretation  is  to  change  quem 
to  quos,*"  "ab  aliquis  eorum  (regum)  opsides  accepit,  per  Cjuos 
pacem  provinciae  et  confirmavit  et  protulit,"  through  these  hostages 
he  both  secured^"  and  prolonged  peace  for  the  province. 

The  second  date,  62/63,  has  been  arrived  at  from  the  statement 
"quamvis  parte [m]  magna[m]  exercitus  ad  expeditionem  in  Arme- 
niam  misisset."  In  Tac.  Ann.  15.6  we  find  named  among  the  forces 
received  from  Corbulo  by  Paetus  legio  quinta  "quae  recens  e  Moesis 
excita  erat."  The  further  narrative  of  Tacitus  shows  that  this  was 
legio  quinta  Macedonica.  This  is  the  only  expeditio  Armenia  that 
we  know  of  for  which  Moesian  troops  were  drawn  in  this  period, 
and  it  seems  that  it  must  be  the  sending  of  this  legion  that  is  re- 

31  See  22. 

3^  Trommsdorff,  Quaestiones  duae  ad  historian!  legionum  Romanorum  spectantes,  Leipzig, 
1896,  pp.  69-85;  Filow  p.  34. 

^  Sehmsdorf,  1.  c. 

s*Vollmer,  1.  c. 

^  Or  quem  may  be  changed  to  quae,  "through  these  deeds,"  no  other  change  being 
made,  and  this  interpretation  stands  equally  well. 

^"  Cf.  Tac.   Ann.   2.1  partemque  prolis  flrmandae  amicitiae  miserat. 

14 


ferred  to  in  our  inscription.  This  gives  us  a  date  in  the  administra- 
tion of  Silvanus  in  Moesia.  The  account  is  given  in  the  Annals 
under  the  year  62.  Schoonover"'  has  shown  that  the  events  de- 
scribed in  Tac.  Ann.  15.1-17  covered  three  winters  and  two  sum- 
mers, and  that  the  arrival  of  Paetus  and  of  this  division  of  troops  oc- 
curred in  61.  It  was  probably  in  the  late  summer,  and  the  legion 
may  have  left  Moesia  in  the  spring  of  that  year.  It  is  reasonable 
to  assume  that  Silvanus  had  arrived  in  Moesia  by  the  end  of  60. 

Recently  Filow''*'  has  argued  that  the  part  of  the  Moesian  army 
referred  to  in  our  inscription  was  not  legio  V  Macedonica  but  legio 
IV  Scythica.  Tac.  Ann  13.35  adiectaque  ex  Germania  legio  cum 
equitibus  alariis  et  peditatu  cohortium,  has  been  shown  by  Grote- 
fend  ^'■'  and  Mommsen '"  to  refer  to  legio  IV  Scythica.  The  account 
in  Tacitus  belongs  to  the  year  58.  Filow  assumes  that  Tacitus  was 
mistaken  in  the  province  and  that  the  legion  came  to  Corbulo  from 
Moesia  and  not  from  Germany.  His  reasons  are  as  follows:  (i) 
We  know  that  legio  IV  Scythica  was  in  Moesia  as  late  as  the  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  Claudius.  (2)  We  do  not  know  any  reason 
why  it  should  have  been  sent  from  Moesia  to  Germany  between  that 
time  and  the  year  58.  If  it  was  sent  to  Germany  within  this  period 
we  must  assume  that  its  place  in  Moesia  was  taken  by  legio  VIII 
Augusta  from  Pannonia.  It  would  have  been  simpler  to  send  legio 
VIII  Augusta  from  Pannonia  to  Germany.  (4)  No  trace  of  legio 
IV  Scythica  has  been  found  in  Germany.  (5)  If  legio  IV  Scythica 
was  sent  to  Corbulo  from  Moesia  by  Silvanus  in  58,  he  sent  away 
one  legion  out  of  a  force  of  three  legions ;  if  it  was  sent  to  Corbulo 
from  Germany  in  58  and  Silvanus  sent  legio  V  Macedonica  to  him 
from  Moesia  in  62,  one  legion  was  sent  away  out  of  a  force  of  two 
legions.  The  first  supposition  comports  better  with  the  words  of 
the  inscription  magna [m]  parte [m],  which  would  naturally  have 
been  written  dimidiam  partem  in  the  second  case. 

But  these  considerations  hardly  furnish  a  reasonable  ground  for 
doubting  the  direct  and  detailed  statement  of  Tacitus.  Affairs  had 
been  quiet  for  several  years  along  the  Rhine  in  57  or  58.  When  the 
army  in  the  East  needed  strengthening  it  was  more  reasonable  to  take 

^'  A  Study  of  Cn.  Domitius  Corbulo  as  Found  in  the  Annals  of  Tacitus,  pp.  12  f.,  pub- 
lished by  The  University  of  Chicago  Press.    For  parallels  see  11,  12. 

^*  Filow,  op.   cit.,   pp.   8  ff. 

3"  Bonn.  Jahrb.  11   (1847)  pp.  82-85. 

"  Res  Gestae^,  p.  68,  n.  2. 

15 


away  one  of  the  eight  German  legions  in  these  circumstances  than  to 
take  two  legions  from  Moesia  within  the  space  of  three  or  four  years. 
We  can  not  fix  the  date  when  legio  lY  Scythica  was  sent  to  Ger- 
many, but  Filow  himself  points  out  that  in  46  legio  XIII  Gemina 
left  Germania  Superior  and  that  we  do  not  know  what  legion  took 
its  place  if  legio  IV  Scythica  did  not  do  so.  Though  no  trace  of  its 
stay  in  Germany  from,  say  46  to  57,  has  been  found,  it  is  equally  true 
that  no  trace  of  it  has  been  found  in  Moesia  after  the  first  years  of 
the  reign  of  Claudius.  The  saving  of  a  few  hundred  miles  marching 
would  not  have  been  considered  if  the  good  of  the  service  seemed 
to  demand  a  shift  for  both  legio  IV  Scythica  and  legio  VIII 
Augusta.  It  is  well  known  that  with  each  legion  stationed  in  per- 
manent quarters  in  a  province  there  was  joined  about  an  equal  force 
of  auxiliaries.  It  may  well  be  supposed  that  when  legio  V  Mace- 
donica  was  sent  to  help  out  temporarily  in  the  East  it  took  only  a 
small  part  of  its  auxiliaries  in  contrast  to  legio  IV  Scythica  which 
was  sent  there  to  stay  and  never  again  left  the  East.  This  is  cer- 
tainly suggested  by  the  difference  in  the  two  statements  of  Tacitus, 
addita  quinta  (legione)  quae  recens  e  Moesis  excita  erat,  and 
adiecta  ex  Germania  legio  cum  equitibus  alariis  et  peditatu 
cohortium.  This  being  the  case  only  a  fourth  or  a  third  of  his 
exercitus  was  given  up  by  Silvanus  in  sending  the  fifth  legion,  that 
is  magna  pars  and  not  dimidia  pars.  I  have  no  hesitancy  in  believ- 
ing that  the  sending  of  legio  V  Macedonica  is  referred  to  in  our 
inscription.  This  would  show  the  presence  of  Silvanus  in  Moesia 
probably  by  the  fall  of  60.  That  he  remained  several  years  may  be 
inferred  from  the  results  that  he  accomplished.  So  far  as  we  know 
his  stay  may  have  equalled  that  of  his  predecessor.  His  adminis- 
tration may  then  have  covered  the  years  60-67. 


21  M.  Aponius  Saturninus  69 

The  full  name  is  known  from  Tac.  Hist.  1.79  and  2.85,  and 
from  GIL  6.2039-2042,  2044.  Saturninus  was  in  Rome  as  late  as  a. 
66.  (6.2044.)  As  governor  of  Moesia  under  Otho  he  was  presented 
with  a  triumphal  statue  for  annihilating  a  predatory  band  of 
Sarmatae  that  had  made  an  incursion  into  Moesia  (Tac.  Hist.  1.79). 
He  continued  to  hold  his  post  in  Moesia  under  Vitellius  (Tac.  Hist. 
2.96),  although  he    had  probably  been    in  charge  of    the  Moesian 

16 


VToops  that  had  gone  to  Otho's  assistance,  but  had  arrived  too  late 
for  the  battle  with  the  Vitellians  (Tac.  Hist.  2.85).  After  waver- 
ing when  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  emperor  he  followed  the  temper 
of  his  troops  (Tac.  Hist.  2.96)  and  with  the  three  Moesian  legions 
joined  the  advance  force  of  Vespasian's  party  under  Antonius" 
(Tac.  Hist.  3.5,  3.9-11). 


22  Fonteius  Agrippa  69 — 70 

Tac.  Hist.  3.46  Fonteius  Agrippa  ex  Asia  (proconsule  earn  provinciam 
annuo  imperio  tenuerat)  Moesiae  praepositus  est,  additis  copiis  e  Vitelliano 
exercitu,  quern  spargi  per  provincias  et  externo  bello  inligari  pars  consilii 
pacisque  erat. 

los.  Bell.  lud.  7.4.3  (90-92,  ed.  Niese.     Cf.  89-95) iroWoiis  fxiv  tQv  iirl 

rrjs  (ppovpds  'Pw/maloiv  dvaipoOffi  (sc,  oi  'Sapfxarai)  Kal  wpea-^evTrjv  top  vnariKOv 
^ovTrjiov  AypLTTTrav  inravTidcravTa  KapTepds  fjiaxofJ'-fvou  KTeivovffi.^  rrjj' 5'  \JTroKeiiJ.ivr)v  x<^po-v 
Eiraaav  Karirpexov  dyovres  Kal  cp^povres  drip  wepLiriiTOi.ev.  Oveairacnavbs  8i  ra,  yeyevTi/xdva 
Kal  TTjv  ir6pdT)(riv  ttjs  Mvcrlas  TTvOdpievos  'Pov^piov  VdWov  iKTri/xirei  dU-qv  eiriS-qffovTa  to2s 
Tiapp.a.Tai's. 

lordanes.  Get.  13.    Quoted  under  28  below. 

The  withdrawal  of  Aponius  Saturninus  (see  21)  with  his 
legions  left  Moesia  open  to  the  attack  of  the  Sarmatae  (Daci)  from 
north  of  the  Danube,  an  opportunity  of  which  they  did  not  fail 
to  take  advantage.  They  had  mastered  the  north  bank,  were 
gaining  a  foothold  on  the  south  bank,  and  preparing  to  attack 
the  camps  of  the  legions,  whose  defenders  had  been  in  large  part 
drawn  away  for  the  Italian  campaign.  Mucianus  on  his  way  from 
the  East  to  Rome  arrived  in  Moesia  in  time  to  save  these  camps  with 
the  sixth  legion.  He  had  already  heard  of  the  battle  of  Cremona 
which  had  been  fought  in  the  last  days  of  October.  He  probably 
stopped  only  long  enough  to  drive  the  invaders  from  the  south  bank, 
and  he  probably  strengthened  temporarily  the  garrisons  in  the 
legionary  camps,  leaving  Fonteius  Agrippa,  who  had  just  finished  his 
year  as  proconsul  in  Asia,  in  command.  This  seems  to  have  been 
about  Nov.  15,  69.  Soon  increased  forces  were  sent  to  the  province 
from  Rome.  These  can  hardly  have  arrived  before  the  middle  of 
December,  perhaps  even  later.     It  was  some  time  after  this,  prob- 

**  Van  de  Weerd's  reference  to  "Antonius,  le  gouverneur  de  Mesie",  p.  73,  can  not  be 
other  than  a  mere  oversight,  since  tlie  least  attention  to  the  account  of  Tacitus  will  show  that 
Saturninus  was  the  governor  of  Moesia  and  that  Antonius  was  the  legatua  leg.  VII.  Galb. 
from  Pannonia. 

17 


ably  January  or  February,  that  Agrippa  lost  his  life  bravely  resist- 
ing another  sudden  and  unexpected  attack  of  the  same  enemies,  who 
unobserved  had  again  crossed  the  river  in  force. 

23  Rubrius  Gallus  70 

los.  Bell.  lud.  7.4.3  (92).     See  22  for  text. 

Gallus  was  sent  out  by  Vespasian  to  avenge  the  death  of 
Agrippa.  He  probably  arrived  before  the  middle  of  70.  There  is 
no  evidence  to  show  how  long  he  remained,  except  the  rather  in- 
definite considerations  relied  on  to  date  approximately  the  beginning 
of  the  administration  of  the  next  governor  about  75.  There  may 
or  may  not  have  been  other  governors  between  these  two  men. 
From  the  task  that  Gallus  had  to  accomplish  we  should  judge  that 
he  was  there  longer  than  the  remaining  portion  of  70. 

24  Sex.  Vettulenus  Cerealis  About  75 

Latyschew,  Inscr.  Antiq.  Orae  Septentrionalis  Ponti  Euxini,  1.197  (Cher- 
SOnesus)  [S]^f[Toi']  Ov€TTov\rivbf^  KepiaXii',  AiroKparopos  Ov^ecr^Traffiavov  Kalcrapos 
Se/SacToO  Trpea^evTi^v  Kal  dvTicrrpdTTjyov,  6  ddfios. 

Latyschew  is  sure  that  the  praenomen  is  Sextus  from  remains 
of  the  lower  parts  of  the  first  three  letters.  Waddington  (no.  104) 
shows  that  the  consulship  of  Cerealis  was  about  yT,  or  74.  Moesia" 
was  probably  his  first  command  after  his  consulship.  His  military 
training  in  Judaea  (los.  Bell.  lud.  3.7.22,  6.4.3,  7-6.i)  made  him 
the  logical  candidate  for  this  post,  which  was  usually  filled  in  this 
period  by  men  with  military  experience. 

25  C.  Vettulenus  Civica  Cerealis  82 

Dip].  XIV,  CIL  3  p.  i960  Imp.  Caesar  divi  Vespasiani  f.  Domitianus 
Augustus  pontifex  maximus,  tribunic.  potestat.  II,  imp.  II,  p.  p.,  cos.  VIII, 

designat.  Villi,  iis  qui  militaverunt  equites  et  pedites  in ,  quae  sunt  in 

Moesia  sub  C.  Vettuleno  Civica  Cereale .  A.  d.  XII  K.  Octobr.  M.  Larcio 

Magno   Pompeio   Silone,   T.   Aurelio   Quieto   cos. 

The  date  of  this  inscription  is  Sept.  19,  82. 

^  Dessau,  Pros.  V  351,  makes  him  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  but  the  province  certainly 
had  not  been  divided  at  this  time.  Note  "sunt  in  Moesia"  in  diploma  of  a.  82  (quoted  under 
25  below),  naming  as  governor  of  the  undivided  province  at  that  time,  C.  Vettulenus  Civica 
Cerealis,  whom  Dessau  thinks  to  have  been  a  son  of  our  governor. 

i8 


26  T.  Avidius  Quietus  * 

6.3828  Tmp.  Domitiano  [Aug.  VIII]  T.  Flavio  Sabi[no  cos.]  Idibus 
lu  ....,---  -  [Av]idio  Quieto  leg.  Aug.,  ornalissimo  viro  [deferendum 
patrocinium]  coloniae  nostrae  esse;  -  -  -  -  Cum  militaverimus  in  leg.  VIII 
Aug.  et,  poti[ti  honesta  missione]  a  sacratissinio  imp.,  in  coloniam  Deultum 
[deducti  simus,  ei,  quod  non]dum  alicui,  secundum  sununam  human [itatcni 
dandum  esse,  ut  velit  pat]rocinium  succipere  coloniae  n[ostrae,  tabulamque 
de  ea  re  con]scriptam  in  domu  sua  poni  per[mittere,  ut  sic  coloniae  nostrae] 
humanitate  sua  increment fum  addat,  quippe  cui  omnia  singula]que  eius  nota 
sint 

The  inscription  is  dated  by  the  consuls  of  82,  imp.  Domitiano  [Aug.  VIII] 
T.  Flavio  Sabi[no  cos.].  The  patrocinium  coloniae  is  offered  to  Quietus.  This  is 
done,  apparently,  either  because  he  is  at  the  time  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore 
provinciae  Thraciae,  with  whom  in  their  new  capacity  the  colonists  will  have 
close  relations,  or  because  they  have  in  the  recent  past  as  soldiers  of  legio 
VIII  Augusta  been  intimately  associated  with  him.  Mommsen,  EE  5  p. 
501,  n.  5,  assumes  that  he  was  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Thraciae  at  this  time, 
though  he  gives  the  date  incorrectly  as  89.^'*  Liebenam,  p.  93,  Klebs  in  Pros. 
A  1 172,  V.  Rohden  in  P-W  2  col.  2385  n.  8,  agree  with  Mommsen  in  making 
him  governor  of  Thrace.  HomoUe  is  not  sure."  Thrace  was  under  a  proc- 
urator, a  freedman  of  the  emperor,  as  late  as  88/89."  Hirschfeld**'  and 
Kalopothakes^'  harmonize  the  evidence  of  the  two  inscriptions  by  assuming 
that  under  Domitian  Thrace  was  ruled  at  times  by  a  freedman  procurator 
and  at  other  times  by  a  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore.  Clearly  this  assump- 
tion should  not  be  made  except  upon  very  good  evidence.  No  other  legatus 
of  Thrace  is  known  earlier  than  106/107.  Quietus,  it  should  be  noticed, 
is  not  styled  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  but  simply  leg.  Aug.  Von  Premerstein^^  pro- 
poses a  solution  of  the  difficulty.  "Wir  werden  den  T.  Avidius  Quietus  wohl 
ohneweiters  als  Legaten  von  Moesia  ansprechen  diirfen,  der  im  J.  82  die 
Deduction  von  Veteranen  der  legio  VIII  Augusta  nach  Deultum  leitete." 
But  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  this  solution  also  are  great.  We  know  from 
CIL  3  p.  i960  dipl.  XIV  (quoted  under  25)  that  C.  Vettulenus  Civica  Cerealis 
was  governor  of  Moesia  Sept.  19,  82.  We  know  too  that  legio  VIII  Augusta 
was  stationed  in  Germania  Superior  in  82,  and  had  not  been  in  Moesia  since 
69,  and  it  is  a  little  puzzling  to  see  why  Quietus,  even  if  he  were  governor  of 
Moesia,  should  be  leading  a  deductio  of  veterans  from  this  German  legion  to 
their  new  home  in  Thrace.     We  can  hardly  assume  that  the  patronate  of  the 

**  This  error  of  date  also  appears  in  Lieb.  p.  93;  Dumont-Homolle,  Melanges  d'arch^ologie 
et  d'epigraphie,  p.  523;  and  CIL  3  p.   1969,  n.  4. 

"  Dumont-Homolle,  op.  cit.,  p.  523. 

**  Dumont-Homolle,  op.  cit.,  72  a,  p.  381,  whifh  is  incorrectly  dated  a.  94  on  p.  490,  the 
consular  having  been  mistaken  for  a  tribunicial  number.  See  also  Gsell,  Essai  sur  le  r6gne 
de  I'empereur  Domitien,  p.  138. 

*^  Die  Kaiserlichen  Verwaltungsbeamten  bis  auf  Diocletian,  p.  372,  n.  4. 

*'  De  Provincia  Thracia,  pp.  47  f. 

«0p.  cit.,  p.  184. 

19 


colony  was  offered  to  him  because  he  was  governor  of  Moesia.  It  seems 
certain,  however,  that  these  veterani  had  been  closely  associated  with  Quietus 
in  the  recent  past  or  that  they  were  at  the  time  of  the  inscription,  that  they 
had  because  of  this  some  claim  to  a  friendly  interest  in  them  on  his  part,  and 
that  this  led  them  to  make  him  their  first  patronus.  It  seems  to  me  quite 
possible  that  he  had  been  their  legatus  legionis  at  the  time  of  the  missio,  and 
that,  having  been  succeeded  in  this  command  by  another  at  that  time,  under  a 
special  commission  from  the  Emperor  had  led  them  to  their  new  home  and 
assisted  in  establishing  them  there.  This  would  account  for  the  simple  form 
of  his  title  in  this  official  and  very  formal  inscription,  and  make  the  "Cum 
militaverimus  in  leg.  VIII  Aug.",  as  a  reason  for  choosing  him  patronus, 
especially  applicable. 

2/        M.  Cornelius   M.f.   Gal.    Nigrinus  Curiatius  Maternus 

2.6013  (Liria,  Tarraconensis)  M.  Cornelio,  M.  f.,  G[al.],  Nigrino  Curiatio 
Materno  cos.,  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  provinc.  Moes.,  provinc.   Syriae. 
2-3783  is  a  duplicate  of  this  inscription. 

Mtiratori  and  Borghesi  identify  the  subject  of  this  article  with 
the  Maternus  who  was  consul  in  185.  Bormann,  arguing  from  an 
incorrect  reading  of  2.3783  (See  on  CIL  1.  c,  note.)  dates  him 
earlier  than  Domitian.  While  the  use  of  Moesia  without  Superior 
or  Inferior  after  the  division  is  common  enough  in  the  authors  it  is 
not  found  in  inscriptions  set  up  to  governors  after  the  division  was 
made,  unless  9.2592  (See  139.)'  whose  evidence  seems  to  me  to  be 
worthless,  be  considered  an  exception.  The  mention  of  Moesia 
without  distinguishing  Superior  and  Inferior  therefore  favors  a  date 
as  early  as  Domitian.  The  length  of  his  name  is  not  necessarily 
inconsistent  with  this  date,  and  the  name  Curiatius  Maternus  appears 
in  a  long  name  in  3.429,  10.1486,  in  combination  with  Acilius  Strabo, 
consul  suffectus  probably  in  71.  We  may  then  with  a  fair  degree 
of  confidence  place  him  in  the  number  of  the  governors  of  the  un- 
divided province."  If  this  be  correct  he  should  in  all  probability 
precede  Oppius  Sabinus. 

28  Oppius  Sabinus'"  About  85  or  86 

lordanes,  Get.  13 Domitiano  imperatore  regnante Gothi 

ripam  Danubii  iam  longe  possessam  ab  imperio  Romano,  deletis  militibus  cum 

^'  If  his  date  should  be  later  there  Is  no  means  of  deciding  which  Moesia  he  governed. 
Without  reason  he  is  included  among  the  governors  of  Moesia  Inferior  in  H.  v.  d.  W.,  p.  299. 

="  If  C.  Oppio,  C.  f.,  Vel.,  Sabino  -  -  -  -  ,  9.5833,  is  the  son  of  this  man,  as  is  assumed  in 
Pros.  O  77,  we  learn  from  it  his  praenomen.  But  the  adlectio  inter  tribunicios  a  sacratissimo 
Imp.  Hadriano  could  not  have  taken  place  before  117  or  118,  which  seems  a  little  late  for  the 
son  of  a  man  who  was  consul  in  84  and  dead  by  86.  It  is  not  impossible,  but  that  he  was  a 
grandson  is  more  likely. 

20 


eorum  ducibus  vastavcrunt ;  cui  provinciae  tunc  post  Agrippam'''  Oppius  prae- 
erat  Sabinus/'" 

Suet.  Doni.  6  (Expeditiones)  in  Dacos  duas  (suscepit  Domitianus), 
primam  Oppio  Sabino  consular!  oppresso,  secundam  Cornclio  Fusco,  prae- 
fccto   cohortium   praetorianarum,   cui   belli   sunimam  commiserat. 

Eutrop.  7.23.4  -  -  -  -  a  Dacis  Oppius  Sabinus  consularis  et  Cornelius 
Fuscus  praefectus  praetorio  cum  magnis  exercitibus  occisi   sunt. 

Sabinus  was  consul  in  84,  probably  went  out  as  governor  in  85, 
and  was  killed  in  that  year  or  in  86."" 

"  This  expression  does  not  mean  that  Oppius  immediately  followed  Agrippa  in  the  prov- 
ince. Fonteius  .\grippa  is  meant,  who  lost  his  life  in  fighting  these  same  enemies  in  a.  70. 
(See  22.)  After  this  war  was  settled  the  Romans  p<issessod  the  bank  long  in  peace  (iam  longe 
possessam),  until  the  war  of  85  or  86  S.  broke  out.  To  Jordanes  then,  who  identified  the  Getae 
with  the  Gotlis,  whose  history  he  was  following,  Oppius  Sabinus  was  the  next  Roman  govemoi' 
that  came  under  cognizance  after  Agrippa. 

°-  In  his  edition  of  lordanes,  Getica,  Mommsen  spells  the  cognomen  Savinus  as  many  of 
the  mss.  have  it.  The  inscription  quoted  in  n.  50  above,  however,  seems  decisive  as  to  the 
proper  spelling  of  the  name,  though  Jordanes  may  have  written  Savinus. 

^^^  Lieb.  p.  276  and  H.  v.  d.  W.  p.  296  make  him  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  but  it  is 
not  probable  that  tlie  province  had  been  divided  at  this  time  (see  4),  and  the  authors  quoted 
above  seem  to  have  regarded  him  as  a  governor  of  the  undivided  province. 


21 


GOVERNORS  OF   MOESIA   SUPERIOR 


29  L.  Funisulanus   L.f,    Ani.   Vettonianus  86/89 

3.4013  (Anclautonia)  L.  Funisulano  L.  f.  Ani.  Vettoniano  trib.  mil.  leg. 
VI  Vict.,  quaestori  provinciae  Siciliae,  trib.  pleb.,  praet.,  leg.  leg.  IIII  Scythic, 
praef.  aerari  Saturni,  curatori  viae  Aemiliae,  cos.,  Vllvir  epulonum,  leg.  pro 
pr.  provinc.  Delmatiae,  item  provinc.  Pannoniae,  item  Moesiae  Superioris. 
(lonato^^  ....  bello  Dacico  coronis  IIII — murali,  vallari,  classica,  aurea — hastis 
puris  IIII,  vexillis  IIII.     Patrono  d.  d. 

II. 571  (Forum  Popili)  [L.  Funisulanujs  L.  f.  Ani.  Vet[toni]anus,  cos., 
[Vllvir  epulonum,  s]odalis  Aug.,  pro[cos.  pr]ovinc.  Africae,  [leg.  Aug.  pr. 
pr.  provi]nc.  Delmatiae,  ite[m  provi]nc.  Pannoniae,  [item  Moesiae  Sup]er., 
curator  aquaru[m,  curat]or  viae  Aemil.,  praet.,  [trib.  pleb.,  praef.  aerajri, 
quaest.   [prov.  Sic,  tr.  mil.  leg.]   VI  Victr.,  IIIv[ir  a.  a.  a.  f.   f.] 

The  second  inscription  was  set  up  much  later  than  the  first,  for 
Funisulanus  had  in  the  meantime  been  made  a  sodalis  Augustalis 
and  had  held  the  offices  of  curator  aquarum  and  proconsul  Africae. 
The  first  inscription  is  arranged  in  the  direct  order,  the  second  in 
the  inverse.  But  in  both  we  find  the  same  order  in  the  provinces 
Delmatia,  Pannonia,  Moesia  Superior.  It  is  therefore  open  to 
question  whether  he  was  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  after  or 
before  being  governor  of  Pannonia.  The  position  of  cos.  in  the 
first  inscription  is  an  almost  certain  indication  that  it  is  strictly 
chronological  throughout.  The  titles  cos.,  [Vllvir  epulonum], 
sodalis  Aug.,  curator  aquarum,  [praef.  aera]ri,  in  the  second  inscrip- 
tion all  stand  out  of  their  chronological  order.  The  prefectship  of 
the  treasury  should  come  after  the  praetorship,  as  indicated  in  the 
first  inscription.  The  curatorship  of  the  aqueducts  came  after  the 
governorship  of  the  provinces  of  Delmatia,  Pannonia,  and  Moesia 
Superior,  since  it  is  not  mentioned  in  our  first  inscription,  and  since 
the  name  of  Funisulanus  is  not  found  in  Frontinus,  De  Aquaed. 
102,  where  a  complete  list  of  the  curatores  aquarum  up  to  the  begin- 

^*  Des.  1005  supplies  in  tliis  erasure  ab  imp.  Domitiano,  Aug.,  Germanico;  Henz.  5431, 
ab  imp.  Caes.  Domitiano,  Aug.  The  title  Germanicus  was  given  to  Domitian  in  84,  and  it 
was  probably  found  in  our  inscription. 


ning  of  Fronto's  curatorship,  a.  97,  is  given.  The  offices  in  the  first 
inscription  are  given  in  an  order  entirely  consistent  with  the  nsage 

of  the  time.     Even  the  phrase  donato bello  Dacico is  in 

its  chronological  position,  since  it  was  surely  as  legatus  of  Moesia 
Superior  that  Funisulanus  took  part  in  the  Dacian  war.  For  these 
reasons  it  seems  probable  that  the  administration  of  Moesia  Superior 
followed  that  of  Pannonia,  as  indicated  in  the  first  inscription.^^  An 
additional  reason  for  this  conclusion  is  that  F.  was  in  Pannonia 
Sept.  3.  84  (Dipl.  XVI,  CIL  3  p.  1963)  and  Sept.  5.  85  (Dipl. 
XVII,  CIL  3  p.  1964  and  p.  855),  while  it  is  generally  agreed 
that  the  evidence  points  to  86-89  ^s  the  time  of  the  Dacian  war  of 
Domitian.  (Suet.  Dom.  6;  Eutrop.  7.23.4.)  It  is  probable  that 
the  administration  of  F.  in  Moesia  Superior  fell  within  these  dates.'" 


30      Cn.  Pinarius™  Aemilius  Cicatricula  Pompeius  Longinus      93 

Dipl.   cm,   CIL  3  p.   2328""   Imp.   Caesar   divi   Vespasiani   f.   Domitianus 
Augustus  Germanicus  pontifex  maximus,  tribunic.  potestat.  XIII,  imp.  XXTI, 

COS.  XVI,  censor  perpetuus,  p.  p.,  equitibus  et  peditibus  qui  militant  in 

et   sunt   in  Moesia   Superiore  sub  Cn.   Aemiiio  Cicatricula   Pompeio  Longino 
.     A.  d.  XVI  K.  Domit.,  T.  Pomponio  Basso  L.  [Sili]o  Deciano  cos. 


The  date  of  the  inscription  is  Sept.  16,  93."' 


^*  Lieb.  p.  I(j0,  arranges  his  cursus  differently,  and  Borniann,  JOI  1  (1898)  p.  174  n.  6 
thinks  he  was  in  Moesia  before  being  in  Pannonia.  Another  possible  explanation  of  the  evi- 
dence of  these  two  inscriptions  is  that  the  three  provinces  were  administered  at  the  same  time 
and  that  "leg',  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Delmatiae,  item  provinc.  Pannoniae,  item  Moesiae  Superioris" 
is  all  one  title,  a  unit  in  the  inscriptions,  and  therefore  keeps  the  same  order  in  the  two. 
Ritterling,  AEM  20  (1897),  p.  12,  rightly  rejects  this  interpretation.  Many  other  examples 
could  be  added  to  the  three  instances  he  cites  showing  that  this  is  not  the  correct  interpreta- 
tion of  item  connecting  titles  that  contain  a  common  part. 

^^  These  inscriptions  give  us  the  earliest  reference  to  Moesia  as  divided  between  two 
legati,  and  it  should  be  noted  that  "provinc."  is  not  used  with  Moesia  Superior  in  either 
inscription.     (See  4.) 

^  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  governor  mentioned  in  this  diploma  is  Cn.  Pinarius 
Aemilius  Cicatricula  Pompeius  Longinus,  governor  of  Pannonia  in  98  (Dipl.  XXVI  =  XIX, 
CIL  3  p.  862)  and  of  Numidia  in  79/80  (8.22060).  From  these  inscriptions  I  have  given  the 
name  Pinarius  here.  That  he  is  not  the  Cn,  Pompeius  Longinus,  governor  of  Judaea  in  86 
(Dipl.  XIX  =  XIV,  CIL  3  p.  857)  and  consul  in  90,  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  governor  of 
Judaea  and  the  Longinus  of  our  inscription  have  different  colleagues  in  the  consulship.  (Cf. 
dipl.  XXI,  CIL  3  p.  1965  and  dipl.  XXVIII,  CIL  3  p.  1968.) 

"  Wrongly  given  as  94  in  L'annSe  6pig.,  1897.  This  inscription  narrows  the  known  limits 
of  the  date  of  dipl.  XXVIII,  CIL  3  p.  1968,  in  which  this  governor  is  named  as  consul,  to  the 
years  74/92.  Mommsen  hesitatingly  suggests  a.  79  as  the  date  of  his  consulship.  This  is  not 
proved  wrong,  but  it  is  made  leas  probable  by  the  fact  that  he  was  governor  of  Numidia  in 
that  year.     (8.22060.    Cf.  n.  73.) 

23 


31  L.  Licinius  Sura  * 

6.1444  [cum?]  imp.  Caesar  Nerva  Traianus  [Aug.  Germanicus]  Dacicus 
gentem  Dacor.  et  regem  Decabalum  bello  superavit ;  sub  eodem  duce  leg.  pro 
pr.,  ab  eodem  donato  hastis  puris  VIII  vexillis  VIII  coronis  muralib.  II 
vallarib.  II  classicis  II  auratis  II,  leg.  pro   pr.  provinciae  Belgicae, . 

This  inscription  has  been  with  probability  referred  to  L.  Licinius  Sura. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  assume  with  Liebenam,  p.  74,  that  he  was  governor  of 
any  province.  The  number  VIII  shows  that  he  took  part  in  two  expeditions, 
without  doubt  the  two  Dacian  wars  of  Trajan,  as  commander  of  an  indepen- 
dent corps  of  the  army.  This  might  mean  that  he  was  acting  as  governor  of 
a  province  and  commander  of  the  troops  drawn  from  that  province  for  these 
wars,  or  it  might  mean  that  he  was  merely  a  commander  of  troops  under  a 
special  commission,  such  an  appointment  being  necessitated  by  the  exigencies 
of  the  war.  The  latter  seems  more  probable  from  the  language  of  the  inscrip- 
tion, since  leg.  pro  pr.  provinciae  Belgicae  is  written  out  in  full  while  here  we 
have  merely  leg.  pro  pr.,  and  since  sub  eodem  duce  leg.  pro  pr.  seems  to 
emphasize  this  as  a  purely  military  rather  than  a  regular  provincial  assign- 
ment. If  he  acted  as  governor  of  a  province,  it  was  doubtless  one  of  the 
Moesias  or  Pannonia,  as  Liebenam  suggests.  In  that  case  he  must  have  been 
twice  governor  of  one  of  these,  or  governor  of  one  of  them  at  some  time 
during  the  first  Dacian  war  of  Trajan  and  of  another  at  some  time  during 
the  second  war. 


32  P.  Tullius  Varronis  f.   Stel.  Varro        About  138 

11-3364  (Tarquinium)  P.  Tullio  Varronis  fil.  Stel.  Varroni  cos.,  auguri, 
procos.  provinc.  Africae,  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  Moesiae  Superior.,  curat,  alvei 
Tiberis  et  riparum  et  cloacarum  urbis,  praef.  aerari  Saturn.,  procos.  prov. 
Baeticae  Ulterioris  Hispaniae,  leg.  leg.  XII  Fulminatae  et  VI  Victricis  P.  R, 
praetori,  aedil.  Cereali,  quaestori  urb.,  tribune  milit.  leg.  XVI  Fl,  Xviro 
stlitibus  iudicand.,  praetori  Etruriae,  quinquennali  Tarquinis,  P.  Tullius 
Callistio  posuit. 

Cf.  11.3365  (Tarquinium)  L.  Dasumio  P.  f.  Stel.  Tullio  Tusco  cos.,  comiti 
August.,^  auguri,  sodal.  Hadrianali,  sodali  Antoniniano,  curat,  operum  pub- 
licorum,  legato  pr.  pr.  provinciar.  Germaniae  Superior,  et  Pannoniae  Superior., 
praefecto  aer.  Saturni,  praetori,  tribun.  pleb.,  leg.  provinc.  Africae,  quaest. 
imp.  Antonini  Aug.  Pii,  trib.  milit.  leg.  IIII  Flaviae,  triumviro  a.  a.  a.  f.  £., 
P.  Tullius  Callistio  posuit. 

Tullius  Tuscus  is  believed  by  Mommsen  (CIL  6  p.  1349)'  Bor- 
mann  (CIL  2  p.  513),  and  Dessau  (Des.  1081,  1047)  to  have  been 
the  natural  son  of  Tullius  Varro  and  the  adopted  son  of  L.  Dasu- 

*"'  The  words  comiti  Aug\ist.  are  cut  in  the  margin  of  the  stone. 

24 


niius  Tuscus.  This  view  finds  support  from  the  two  cnrsuses  given 
above.  The  son  was  tribunns  niilituni  leg.  IIII  Flaviae.  This 
legion  was  stationed  in  Moesia  Superior,  and  he  was  taken  out  by 
his  father  Varro  when  governor  of  this  province.  Varro's  next  office 
was  the  proconsulship  of  Africa,  and  the  son  was  taken  along  in  the 
rank  of  quaestor  as  his  legatus,  just  as  was  L.  Minicius  Natalis 
Quadronius  Verus^^  (see  71)  by  his  father.  This  sequence  in  the 
offices  of  the  son  assists  in  dating  the  administration  of  our  gover- 
nor, the  elder  Tullius.  The  quaestorship  of  the  younger  Tullius 
fell  in  the  reign  of  Antoninus  Pius.  Both  the  mention  of  the  name 
of  the  emperor  in  this  connection  and  the  son's  later  career  point  to 
the  fact  that  he  held  this  office  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Antoninus.  The  father  then  seems  to  have  been  in  Moesia  Superior 
about  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Hadrian. 


33  Caecilius  * 

3.8272   (Sknpi)    Imp.   Caesari   divi  Traiani   Parth.   f.  divi   Nervae  nepoti 

Traiano  Hadriano  Aug.  p.  m.  t[rib.  pot cos ]  ICIIIOR  COI 

MI 

The  note  in  CIL  on  this  inscription  is, — legatus  nominari  videtur  fortasse 
ex  gente  Caeciliorum.  I  see  no  satisfactory  basis  for  the  note.  The  inscrip- 
tion belongs  in  the  time  of  Hadrian. 


34      P.  Mummius   P.f.    Gal.    Sisenna  Rutilianus     About  158/160 

14.3601  (Tibur)  P.  Mummio  P.  f.  Gal.  Sisennae  Rutiliano  cos.,  auguri, 
procos.  provinc.  Asiae,  legato  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Moesiae  Superioris,  praef.  aliment, 
per  Aemiliam,  praef.  aer.  Saturni,  leg.  leg.  VI  Victric,  praetori,  tr.  pi.,  quaest, 
trib.  leg.  V.  Maced.,  Xviro  stlitib.  iudic,  patrono  municipii,  cur.  fani  H.  V., 
salio,  Herculanii  Augustales,  1.  d.  s.  c.  (In  latere  intuenti  sinistro)  Dedi- 

cata  Kal.  lun.,  Maximo  et  Orfito  cos.  -  -  -  - 

Lucian,  'AX^^avSpos  i)  ^^evSo/xavTis  48.  "'Ex'^"  7ap  {' AXi^avBpos)  oii  puKpav  iTri 
TO.  ^afflXeia  Kal  ttjv  avXrjv  Kai  top  'VovrCKLavbv  evdoKiixovvra  vdpodov,  SiaTrdixireTai 
Xpr](riJ.bv  tov  iv  Tepfiavlq.  ttoX^/mov  d/c/u.dfocTos,  ore  debs  MdpKos  TjSr)  roii  MapKOfidvois  Kal 
Kovddois  (TvveTrX^KeTo.     'H|/ov    5^    6    XRV^'I^^^    Si/o   Xiovras   i/ipXrjOrjvaL   ftSj/Tas   ^s    rbv 

'^  14.3599  (Given  in  full  in  71)  -  -  -  -  quaestori  candidate  divi  Hadriani  et  eodem  tempore 
legato  prov.  Afric.  dioeceseos  Carthaginien.  proconsulis  patris  sui,  -  -  -  - 

25 


'  IffTpov  fieTa  TToWQv  apw/xaTuv  Kai  dvcriCov  pLeyaXoTrpeirQu^ .    Tevo/x^vcov  8^  to^itwv 

avTiKa  8^  TO  fj.iyt(TTOv  rpavfia  tois  T^fj-eripoLS  eyevero  Sicrfivpiijiv  ttov  <rxeSbv  ddpouv 
d.Tro\oixiv(i}v.  E/ra  iTTi^KoKovdrjcre  to.  irepl  AKvXrjiav  7ej'6/xe;'a  Kai  i]  wapa.  fitKpbv  eKelvrjs 
TTjS  7r6Xews  aXwcrts. 

The  inscription  was  set  up  in  172.  At  this  time  RutiHanus  had 
been  governor  of  Asia,  after  having  been  governor  of  Moesia 
Superior.  His  administration  in  Moesia  can  not  therefore  have 
terminated  later  than  the  end  of  170  or  the  beginning  of  171.  In 
this  inscription,  as  also  in  14.4244,  the  singular  form  of  Augustus 
is  used  so  that  he  must  have  either  continued  in  Moesia  until  after 
the  death  of  Verus  in  169,  and  therefore  have  followed  Fronto  (See 
39.),  or  he  must  have  been  there  earlier  than  the  joint  reign  of 
Marcus  and  Verus.  This  means  of  dating  should  be  reliable  in 
these  inscriptions  set  up  at  Tibur  so  soon  after  the  death  of  Verus. 
There  is  hardly  time  for  his  administration  in  Moesia  after  the  death 
of  Fronto  and  before  his  proconsulate  of  Asia,  so  that  it  is  more 
probable  that  he  was  in  Moesia  at  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Anto- 
ninus Pius.  The  date  about  167  given  by  Waddington  (p.  237)  and 
Pros.  M  519  is  based  upon  the  hypothesis  that  Lucian's  account 
seems  to  require  the  presence  of  RutiHanus  at  the  front  at  the  time 
of  the  incident,""  but  certainly  his  presence  there  is  not  necessarily 
implied  and  iirl  ra  ^acriXeia  Kai  rrjv  avXrjv  ....  irdpohov  seems 
rather  to  favor  the  presence  of  both  Marcus  and  him  at  Rome.  It 
may  have  been  at  the  time  of  the  burial  of  Verus  in  169.  The  date  of 
his  consulship  was  probably  about  157  (Waddington),  and  no  offices 
are  given  in  his  cursus  between  that  date  and  167  if  we  accept  167 
as  the  date  of  his  legateship  in  Moesia.  It  seems  much  more  likely 
that  he  was  sent  to  Moesia  soon  after  his  consulship,  perhaps  imme- 
diately thereafter. 


35  C.  Curtius   C.f.   Pol.   lustus  About  160 

5.5809  (Mediolanum)  C.  Curtio  C.  f.  Pol.  lusto  cos.,  sodali  Augustali, 
leg.  pr.  pr.  imp.  Caes.  T.  Aelii  Antonini  .... 

3.81 10  (Viminacium)  [Pro  saljute  [imp.  Cae]s.  T.  Ael.  [Anton.  A]ug. 
Pii  [et  Veri]  Caes.,  [vet.  le]g.  VII   [CI.  P.  F.,  pr]obati   [Serviajno  et  [Varo 

*"  The  date  of  tliis  incident  can  not  be  certainly  fixed  from  our  sources,  but  it  was 
probably  after  the  death  of  Verus.  Nothing  but  success  is  reported  while  he  was,  against  his 
will,  present  at  the  front,  and  Roman  success  in  clearing  Pannonia,  practically  terminating 
the  war,  as  was  thought,  was  his  excuse  for  setting  out  for  Rome.  It  was  in  an  early  stage 
of  this  journey  that  liis  death  occurred. 

26 


et  Po]ntian.  [et  Attic]o  cos.,  [m.  h.  m.  pe]r  Cur[tium  Ius]tum  [leg.  Aug.]  pr. 
pr. 

Since  these    soldiers  began  their    service  in    134  and   135    the 
missio  should  fall  in  160."' 


36  M.  Statius   M.f.   CI.   Priscus  Licinius  Italicus  161 

6.1523  [M.  Stati]o  M.  f.  CI.  Frisco  [L].icinio  Italico,  leg.  Augustorum 
pr.  pr.  prov.  Cappadociae,  leg.  Aug[g].  pr.  pr.  prov.  Brittanniae,  leg.  Aug[g.] 
pr.  pr.  prov.  Moesiae  Super.,  curatori  alvei  Tiberis  et  clacarum  urbis,  c[os.], 
leg.  Aug.  prov.  Daciae,  leg.  kg.  XIII  G.  P.  F..  leg.  leg.  [X]IIII  Gem.  Martiae 
Victricis,  sacerdoti  Titiali  Flaviali,  pr.  inter  cives  et  peregrinos,  tr.  pi.,  quaest., 
proc.  Aug.  XX  hereditatium  prov.  Narbones.  et  Aquitan.,  pr.  eq.  alae  I  Pr. 
C.  R.,  trib.  mil.  leg.  I  Adiutr.  P.  F.  et  leg.  X.  G.  P.  F.  et  leg.  [Ill]  Gallicae, 
praef.  cob.  IIII  Lingonum  vexillo  mil.  donato  a  divo  Hadriano  in  expeditione 
ludaica,    Q.    Cassius   Domitius    Palumbus. 

He  was  consul  in  159,  curator  alvei  Tiberis  et  cloacarum  urbis 
in  160,  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  in  161  and  probably  in  162,  of 
Britain  probably  in  163  and  164,  of  Cappadocia  probably  in  165  and 
166,  certainly  during  the  eastern  war  of  Marcus  and  Verus,  and 
probably  at  its  close.*^ 


■^"j  Avidius  Cassius  ?  162/165 

Vit.  Avid.  Cass.  4.  6,  Cum  exercitum  duceret  et  inscio  ipso  manus 
auxiliaria  centurionibus  suis  auctoribus  tria  milia  Sarmatarum  neglegentius 
agentum  in  Danuvii  ripis  occidissent  et  cum  praeda  ingenti  ad  eum  redissent, 
sperantibus  centurionibus  praemium  quod  perparva  manu  tantum  hostium 
segnius  agentibus  tribunis  et  ignorantibus  occidissent,  rapi  eos  iussit  et  in 
crucem  tolli  servilique  supplicio  adfici,  quod  exemplum  non  extabat,  dicens 
evenire  potuisse  ut  essent   insidiae   ac  periret   Romani   imperii   reverentia. 

This  campaign  against  the  Sarmatae  would  most  naturally  have  been 
undertaken  in  the  capacity  of  governor  of  Moesia  Superior.  He  was  consul 
161/169,  probably  early  in  this  period."^  He  was  appointed  legatus  of  Syria 
before  169   (Vit.  Avid.  Cass.  5)   to  discipline  the  legions  which  were  in  sore 

^^  Pros.  C  1321  says  circa  a.  155  vel  paulo  post.  The  usual  term  of  service  for  soldiers  of 
the  legions  in  this  period  however  was  twenty-five  years,  and  there  is  no  other  reason  for 
assuming  that  these  inscriptions  were  set  up  earlier  than  the  last  year  of  Antoninus  Pius. 

*^  Vit.  Marci,  9.1,  Gestae  simt  res  in  Armenia  prospere  per  Statium  Priscum,  Artaxatis 
captis,  delatumque  Armeniacum  nomen  utrique  principum.  3.7505  (Iglitzae)  -  -  -  -  functus 
expeditione  orientali  sub  Statio  Prisco,  C.  V. 

"*  Borghesi,  Op.  6.93  ff.  proposes  a.  161. 

27 


need  of  it.  His  appointment  may  have  been  due  to  the  vigorous  discipHne  he 
had  practised  in  his  Moesian  legateship.  It  is  Hkely  also  that  Marcus  did 
not  wait  many  years  after  the  beginning  of  his  reign  to  correct  the  legiones 

Syriacae dififluentes  luxuria.     If  this  appointment  may  be  supposed  to 

have  been  made  as  early  as  164  (Pros.  A  1165)  or  165,  allowing  his  consulship 
to  fall  in  161  or  162,  we  should  have  him  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  162/164. 
This  portion  of  the  Vita  is  held  by  some  to  be  untrustworthy.  Nothing 
that  we  know  of  Avidius  Cassius,  however,  from  any  other  source  contradicts 
it,  and  it  has  seemed  proper  to  give  it  this  notice. 


38  M.  Servilius    Q.f.    Hor.    Fabianus  Maximus       163/169 

6.1517  M.  Servilio  Q.  f.  Hor.  Fabiano  Maximo  leg.  Augustorum  pro 
praetore  provinciarum  Mysiae  Superioris,  item  Mysiae  Inferioris,  curatori 
aedium  sacrarum,  cos.,  fetiali,  praef.  aer.  S.,  leg.  leg.  Ill  Gal,  cur  viae 
Valeriae,  leg.  pr.  provin.  Asiae,  praet.,  aed.  cur.,  ab  actis  senatus,  q.  urb.,  tr. 
mil.  leg.  I  Minerv.,  Illviro  viar.  curandar.  Licinii  Fortis  et  Honoratus  centurio 
leg.  I  .  .  .  .  amico. 

For  other  inscriptions  and  discussion  see  82. 

The  cursus  of  our  governor  is  given  in  this  inscription  in  inverse 
order.  He  therefore  governed  Moesia  Superior  after  Moesia  In- 
ferior/* that  is,  after  162.  The  plural  Augustorum  shows  that  his 
term  in  Moesia  Superior  began  and  probably  that  it  ended  before 
169. 


39  M.  Claudius  Ti.f.  Quir.  Fronto     167  or  168—169  or  170 

6.1377,  with  the  corrections  suggested  in  6.31640  M.  Claudio  [Ti.]  f. 
Q[uir.]  Frontoni  cos.,  ....  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provincia[e  Moesiae]  Super, 
simul  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciar.  [trium]  Daciar.,  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  Moesiae 
Super,  [simul]  Daciae  Apulesis  [et  Poroliss.],  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae 
Moesiae  Super.,  comiti  divi  Veri.  -  -  -  -  Huic  senatus  auctorem  (sic) 
imperatore  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug.  Armeniaco  Medico  Parthico  Maximo 
quod  post  aliquot  secunda  proelia  adversum  Germanos  et  lazyges  ad 
postremum  pro  r.  p.  fortiter  pugnans  ceciderit,  armatam  statuam  in  foro 
divi  Traiani  pecunia  publica  cen[suit  ponendam]. 

8*  Dessau,  Pros.  S  415,  places  the  governorship  in  Moesia  Superior  earlier  than  that  in 
Moesia  Inferior,  but  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  to  disregard  the  evidence  of  our  inscrip- 
tion. There  were  three  legions  at  this  time  in  the  lower  province  and  only  two  in  the  upper. 
This  would  ordinarily  make  the  lower  province  the  more  important  province.  This  was  a  time 
of  unrest,  however,  among  the  Germanic  tribes  adjacent  to  Moesia  Superior,  with  whom  war 
actually  broke  out  in  167.  This  is  a  sufficient  reason  for  a  reversal  of  the  more  usual  order  in 
which  the  two  provinces  were  held.  Cf.  n.  71.  Cf.  also  Vit.  Marc.  22  Provincias  ex  consularibus 
consulares  aut  ex  consularibus  proconsulares  aut  praetorias  pro  belli  necessitate  fecit. 

28 


3.1457  (Sarmizegetusa)  M.  CI.  Ti.  filio  Quirin.  Frontoni  cos.,  leg.  Aug. 
pr.  pr.  trium  Dae.  et  Moes.  Sup.,  comiti  Divi  Veri  Aug., 

Fronto  went  out  to  the  Marcomannic  war  as  conies  of  Verus. 
Before  the  death  of  \'crus,  which  occurred  between  Dec.  lo,  i68, 
and  Dec.  lo,  169,  he  was  made,  first,  leg.  Augustorum  Moesiae 
Superioris ;  next,  two  of  the  three  Dacias  were  added  to  his  com- 
mand ;  and  after  the  death  of  X'^erus  the  third  Dacia  was  also  placed 
under  his  command.  His  administration  of  Moesia  Superior  began 
then  in  167  or  168,  and  continued  until  his  death,  which  he  met  in 
battle.     His  death  occurred  not  later  than  170,  for  we  find  another 

governor  of   the  Dacias  in  170:  3.7505 functus    expeditione 

-  -  -  -  Germanica  sub  [Cal]pur[nio]  Agricola,"'  Cl[audio]  Fron- 
to[ne],  C.  v.,  missus  honesta  missione  in  Dacia.  Cethego  et  Claro 
consulibus,  sub  Cornelio  Clemente,  C.  V.  Another  indication  that 
this  inscription,  which  was  set  up  after  his  death,  belongs  soon  after 
169  is  the  appearance  of  the  titles  Armeniacus  Medicus  Parthicus 
Maximus,  which  Marcus  ceased  to  use  after  the  death  of  Verus. 


40  L.  Vitrasius   L.f.   Pos."  Flamininus        About  169  ? 

10.3870  (Capua) #L.  Vitrasio  L.  f.  Pos.  Flaminino  cos.,  procos.  provinciae 
Africae,  leg.  pr.  pr.  Italiae  Transpadanae  et  provinciae  Moesiae  Superioris  et 
exercitus  provinciae  Dalmatiae,  curatori  alvei  Tiberis  riparum  cloacarum 
urbis  .... 

3.14499  (Vidin)  L.  Vitr[asio]  Flamin[ali],  leg.  Aug.  [pr.  pr.]  Moesiae 
[Supe]rioris     [col.]  Ulp.  Tra.  [Rat.]  d.  d. 

It  seems  probable  to  me  that  these  two  inscriptions  relate  to  the 
same  man,  although  the  restoration  Flamin[ali]  implies  that  the 
editor  of  the  second  inscription,  v.  Domaszewski,  did  not  think  so. 
The  date  of  the  first  inscription  is  certainly  as  late  as  Trajan,  as 
cloacarum  urbis  in  the  title  of  the  curatorship  shows.  The  com- 
mand of  the  forces  of  Delmatia  and  the  jurisdiction  over  Italia 
Transpadana  added  to  the  usual  functions  of  the  governor  of 
Moesia  Superior  indicate  that  the  post  was  given  him  at  a  time  of 

^'  It  seems  probable  tbat  Calpurniiis  Agricola  was  governor  of  Dacia  immediately  pre- 
ceding Claudius  Fronto,  since  this  bf.  cons.  (3.7505)  of  leg.  V.  Mac.  (which  was  just  being 
transferred  from  Moesia  Inferior  to  Dacia)  fought  in  the  German  expedition  under  him  just 
before  fighting  in  the  same  war  under  Claudius  Fronto,  being  finally  mustered  out  imder  the 
governor  of  Dacia  tliat  succeeded  Claudius  Fronto. 

^'^  The  text  of  10.3870  is  admittedly  not  to  be  thoroughly  trusted,  "propter  characteres 
iam  fugientes."     Pos.  should  be  Pol.  or  Pom.  or  Pob.   indicating  the  tribe. 

29 


unusual  danger  in  this  part  of  the  empire,  such  as  best  corresponds 
to  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Marcus,  soon  after  the  barbarians 
came  almost  to  Aquileia  (in  169?).  The  cura  alvei  Tiberis,  etc., 
often  immediately  preceded  the  appointment  to  Moesia  Superior  in 
this  period.  See  Tullius  Varro,  a.  138,  §  32;  Statins  Priscus,  a.  161, 
§  36;  cf.  Servilius  Fabianus,  163/169,  §§  38,  82,  who  was  curator 
aedium  sacrarum  after  his  consulship  before  being  sent  out  to 
Moesia  Inferior. 


41  ....  Caerellius  .... 

13.6806  (Mogontiacum)  [Caerellius  ....  leg.  Aug.]  pr.  pr.  provinc. 
Thrac,  Moes.  Sup.,  Raet.,  Germ.  Sup.,  et  Britt.,  et  Modestiana  eius  et 
Caerellii  Marcianus  et  Germanilla  filii. 

This  inscription  is  our  only  certain  trace  of  this  governor.  The 
nomen  is  inferred  from  that  of  his  children.  Raetia  received  a 
legion  and  a  legatus  first  about  170,  during  the  first  German  war  of 
Marcus  Aurelius."  Britain  was  divided  into  two  provinces,  prob- 
ably a.  197,  after  the  attempt  of  Albinus,  the  commander  of  its 
legions,  to  gain  the  imperial  power.""  The  language  of  the  inscrip- 
tion, Moes.  Sup.,  Ger.  Sup.,  Britt.,  implies  that  Caerellius  governed 
undivided  Britain.  He  was  therefore  in  Raetia  after  170  and  in 
Britain  before  197.  He  governed  Moes.  Sup.,  Raetia,  Britt.  in  the 
order  named.  His  earliest  possible  date  in  Moesia  Superior  is 
therefore  a  little  before  170,  his  latest  possible  date  several  years 
before  197.  Raetia  was  regularly  a  praetorian  command,  but 
Caerellius  must  have  governed  it  as  a  consular  since  he  had  already 
been  governor  of  the  consular  province  of  Moesia  Superior.  It 
seems  likely  therefore  that  he  was  sent  to  Raetia  at  a  time  when  the 
situation  in  that  province  or  near  its  borders  temporarily  raised  its 
importance  as  a  command.""  The  period  of  the  Marcomannic  wars 
of  Marcus  suits  this  situation  better  than  any  other  period  within 
the  limits  above  established  for  his  date.     Compare  also  the  state- 

*'  Peaks,  The  General  Civil  and  Military  Administration  of  Noricum  and  Raetia,  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,  vol.  IV. 

"s  Herod.  3.8.2;  Hiibner,  GIL  7  p.  4;  v.  Domaszewski,  Westd.  Zeitschr.  11   (1892)  p.  304. 

*'  The  statement  of  Peaks,  op.  cit.,  p.  168,  that  the  legates  of  Raetia  ranked  higher  than 
those  of  Moesia  Superior  is  based  entirely  on  this  inscription,  and  is  clearly  incorrect.  Only 
consulars  governed  in  Moesia  Superior,  which  had  a  garrison  of  two  legions,  while  the  legates 
of  Raetia,  which  was  garrisoned  by  one  legion,  were  regularly  of  praetorian  rank. 

30 


ment  of  the  biographer  of  Marcus.  Vit.  Marc.  22.9,  Provincias  ex 
proconsularibus  consulares  aut  ex  consularibus  proconsulares  aut 
praetorias  pro  bclH  necessitate  fecit.  Since  we  know  of  several 
governors  of  Moesia  Superior  in  the  first  half  of  the  reign  of  Mar- 
cus, it  is  most  probable  that  Caerellius  governed  in  Moesia  Superior 
after  170  and  in  Raetia  toward  the  end  of  this  reign." 


42  P.  Helvius  Pertinax  176/178 

Vit.  Pert.  2.10-3.2  Cassiano  motu  composito,  e  Syria  ad  Danuvii  tutelam 
profectus  est  atque  incle  Moesiae  utriusque,  mox  Daciae  regimen  accepit.  Bene 
gestis  his  provinciis  Syriam  meruit.  Integre  se  usque  ad  Syriae  regimen 
tenuit,  post  excessum  vero  Marci  pecuniae  studuit.  Quare  etiam  dictis  popu- 
laribus  lacessitus.  Curiam  Romanam  post  quattuor  provincias  consulares, 
quia  consulatum  absens  gesserat,  iam  dives  ingressus  est,  cum  earn  senator 
antea  non  vidisset. 

He  was  consul  absens"  in  175,  spending  this  summer  as  leg.  leg. 
in  the  Cassian  war.  Returning  from  this  war  he  was  made  gover- 
nor of  one  of  the  Moesias  apparently  in  176,"  and  later  of  the  other. 
While  the  language  does  not  indicate  clearly  whether  he  ruled  them 
consecutively  or  both  at  the  same  time,  they  are  counted  separately 
in  the  "quattuor  provincias  consulares."  His  administration  of 
Dacia  followed  immediately  and  continued  not  later  than  179,  for 
he  was  sent  to  Syria  as  governor  before  the  death  of  Marcus  in  180. 
He  must  have  left  Moesia  for  Dacia  in  178  or  by  the  beginning  of 
179. 

■"•  Lieb.  p.  129  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  three  Caerellii  Macrinus,  Faustinianus  and 
lulianus  were  among  the  nobiles  put  to  death  by  Septiniius  Severus  after  tlie  victory  over 
Albinus.     Vit.   Sev.  13.6.     Our  Caerellius  may  have  been  one  of  these. 

'^  He  had  also  been  promoted  to  the  praetorian  rank  by  allection  and  did  not  serve  in  the 
office.  Vit.  Pert.  2.6  Marcusque  iniperator,  lit  compensaret  iniuriam,  praetorium  eum  fecit  et 
primae  legioni  regendae  imposuit,  statimque  Raetias  et  Noricum  ab  hostibus  vindicavit.  This 
was  apparently  leg.  I.  Adiutrix,  and  as  it  was  at  no  time  stationed  in  Raetia  or  Noricum,  it 
was  temporarily  used  here,  in  conjunction  with  the  regular  forces  of  these  provinces  to  clear 
them  of  the  enemy.  It  seems  probable  since  Pertinax  was  of  praetorian  rank  at  this  time  and 
since  the  gloiy  and  rewards  of  the  campaign  came  to  him  (Vit.  Pert.  2.7-9),  that  he  was 
acting  as  governor  of  these  provinces  at  this  time  (a.  174)  rather  than  under  their  respective 
governors.  There  is  no  evidence  showing  which  Moesia  he  ruled  first.  The  lower  province  had 
been  the  more  important  command  up  to  the  reign  of  Marcus,  and  came  to  be  so  again  later. 
But  the  wars  with  the  Germans,  though  a  truce  was  on  just  at  this  time,  and  tlie  strengthen- 
ing of  the  garrison  of  Dacia  by  a  legion  di-awn  from  Moesia  Inferior  about  tliis  time,  tended 
both  to  increase  the  responsibilities  of  the  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  and  to  lessen  the  im- 
portance of  Moesia  Inferior  as  a  command.  They  must  have  been  regarded  as  of  equal  rank  at 
this  time. 


31 


43     M.  Macrinius  Avitus   M.f.    Claud.    Catonius  Vindex     176/180 

6.1449  M.  Macrinio  Avito  M.  f.  Claud.  Catonio  Vindici  cos.,  aug.  p.  R. 
Quiritium,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Moes.  Inf.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Moes. 
Sup.,  cur.  civitat.  Arimin.,  proc.  prov.  Dae.  Malv.,  praef.  alae  Contar.,  praef. 
alae  III  Thrac,  trib.  mil.  leg.  VI  Victr.,  praef.  coh.  VI  Gall.,  donat.  donis 
mil.  in  bell.  Germ,  ab  imp.  M.  Aur.  Antonino  Aug.  hast.  pur.  II  et  vexill.  II 
corona  mural,  et  vallar.  lunia  Flacinilla  marito  karissimo  et  Macrinia  Rufina 
patri  piissimo,  vixit  annis  XLII,  m.  V. 

The  equestrian  and  senatorial  offices  are  given  in  inverse  order. 
The  dona  militaria  were  presented  to  Vindex  as  a  prefect  or  as  a 
tribunus  militum,  as  is  shown  by  their  number  and  character,  prob- 
ably after  169,  since  they  are  from  Marcus  and  not  from  Marcus 
and  Verus.  It  is  not  safe  to  assimie  from  the  position  of  donat. 
donis  etc.  that  he  received  the  dona  militaria  in  his  first  prefecture, 
but  it  could  not  have  been  later  than  his  prefecture  of  the  ala  Con- 
tariorum,  so  that  this  position  must  have  been  held  as  late  as  169. 
Since  no  mention  is  made  of  allectio  it  is  probable  that  he  held  the 
offices  of  cjuaestor  and  praetor.  The  offices  of  proc.  prov.  Dae. 
Malv.,  [quaestor],  curator  civitat.  Arimin.,  [praetor],  consul,  would 
bring  him  at  least  to  175  before  he  could  have  become  governor  of 
Moesia  Superior,  and  176  before  he  could  have  gone  to  Moesia 
Inferior  as  governor.  It  might  of  course  have  been  later  that  he 
reached  each  of  these  appointments.  Since  they  both  came  to  an 
end  before  the  death  of  Marcus,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  he  is  not  called  divus  in  this  inscription,  they  must  have  been 
held  in  the  last  years  of  his  reign. 


44  .  .  .  .  n.  Pompeianus  195 

3.14507  (Viminacium)  [Pro  salute  imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimi  Severi  Perti- 
n]a[cis  Aug.  Arab.  Adiab.  et  M.]  Aurel[i  Antonini  Caes.  veterani  l]eg.  VII 
CI.  [P.  F.  probati  Prisco  et  Apjollinar.  cos.  [missi  h.  m.  per  ....  ]n. 
Pompeianum  [leg.  Augusti  pr.  pr.]  et  Lael.  Maximum  [leg.  leg.  VII  CI.  P.  F. 
Cle]ment.  et  Prisco  cos.,  -  -  -  - 

The  restorations  in  this  inscription  seem  to  be  certain.  The 
date  is  a.  195. 

32 


45  L.  Fabius   M.f.   Gal.   Gilo  Septiminus  Gatinius 

Atilianus  Lepidus  Fulcinianus  195 — 196 


6.1408  L.  Fabio  M.  f.  Gal.  Ciloni  Septimino  Catinio  Aciliano  Lepido 
Fulciniano  cos.,  comiti  imp.  L.  Septimi  Severi  Pii  Pertinacis  Aug.  Arab. 
Adiab.  p.  p.,  sodal,  Hadrianal.,  cur.  min.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Pann.  et 
Aloesiae  Sup.,  Bithyn.  et  Ponti,  duci  vexill.  per  Italiam  exercitus  imp.  Severi 
Pii  Pertinacis  Aug.  et  M.  Aureli  Antonini  Aug.,  praeposito  vexillation.  Pe- 
rinthi  pergentib.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provin.  Galat.,  praef.  aer.  militar.,  procos. 
prov.  Narbon.,  leg.  Aug.  leg.  XVI  F.  F.,  pr.  urb.,  leg.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Narb.,  trib. 
pi.,  quaest.  prov.  Cret.  Cyr.,  trib.  mil.  leg.  XI  CI.,  Xvir  stlit.  iudic,  cur.  r.  p. 
Nicomedensium  inter  Amnatium  Nartium,  item  Graviscanorum.  Ti.  CI. 
Ambrelianus,      (centurio)     leg.     V     Macedonicae,     ob     merita. 

6.1409  L.  Fabio  M.  f.  Gal.  Ciloni  Septimino  cos.,  praef.  urb.,  leg.  Augg. 
pro  pr.  Pannon.  Super.,  duci  vexill.,  leg  pro  pr.  provinciar.  Moesiae  Super., 
Ponti  et  Bithyniae,  comiti  Augg.,  leg.  Augg.  pro  pr.  prov.  Galatiae,  praef.  aer. 
militaris,  pro  cos.  itemq.  leg.  prov.  Narbonens.,  leg.  leg.  XVI  Fl.  F.  Samosate, 
sodal.  Hadrianal.,  pr.  urb.,  trib.  pleb.,  q.  prov.  Cretae,  trib.  leg.  XI  CI.,  Xvir 
stlitib.  iudicandis,  Mediolanenses  patrono. 

Vit.  Comm.  20.1  Et  cum  iussu  Pertinacis  Livius  Laurensis,  procurator 
patrimonii,  Fabio  Chiloni  consuli  designato  dedisset,  per  noctem  Commodi 
cadaver  sepultum  est. 

The    position  of    comiti  and    sodal.   Hadrianal.   in    these    two 
inscriptions  shows  that  the  chronological  order  of  the  honors  of  Cilo 
is  better  preserved  in  1409  than  in  1408.     Beginning  with  the  con- 
sulship Cilo  seems  to  have  been  successively  consul,  leg.  Aug.  pr. 
pr.  prov.   Galatiae.  praepositus  vexil.   Perinthi   pergentibus,   comes 
imp.  Severi,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Ponti  et  Bithyniae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
Moes.   Sup.,  dux  vexil.  per  Ital.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.   Pannon. 
He  was  designated  by  Commodus  in  192  to  be  consul  in  193  (Vit. 
Comm.,  1.  c),  but  not  to  be  one  of  the  consules  ordinarii,  who  were 
Erucius  Clartis  and  Sosius  Falco   (Dio  73.22).      Our  inscriptions 
show  that  he  entered  upon  the  consulship.     It  was  probably  in  the 
place  of    Falco,  who  gave  up  his  office  after  the  abortive    plot  to 
make  him  emperor  (Dio  73.8).     After  a  short  consulship  he  was 
sent  out  by  Pertinax  as  governor  of  Galatia.      After  the  death  of 
Pertinax,  Mar.  28,  193,  and  before  Septimius  reached  Rome,  about 
Nov.  I,  193,  Pescennius  Niger  had  been  proclaimed  emperor  by  the 
Syrian  legions,  and  his  cause  made  rapid  progress  in  the  East.    Cilo 
favored  Septimius,  and  had  to  withdraw  into  Europe.     Septimius 
placed  him  in  charge  of  the  vexillationes  gathering  for  the  defence 
of  Thrace  (Perinthi  pergentibus),  and  he  stopped  the  advance  of 

33 


the  Pescennian  party  at  Perinthus,  not  without  severe  losses.  (Vit. 
Sev.  8.13  Perinthum  etiam  Niger  volens  occupare  phirimos  de 
exercitu  interfecit.)  When  reached  by  Septimins  in  his  advance 
against  Pescennius  at  the  end  of  193  or  the  beginning  of  194  he  was 

made  one  of   his  staff  (comiti  imp.  L.  Septimi  Severi 1408. 

comiti    Augg.   1409.)      After  the  victory    over  Pescennius    in  the 
summer  of  194,  Cilo  was  placed  over  Pontus  and  Bithynia.'"     (Cf. 
vit.  Veri,  7.8  confecto    sane  bello,  regna    regibus,  provincias  vero 
comitibus  suis  regendas  dedit.)     Then  in  195  he  was  sent  to  govern 
Moesia  Superior,  where  there  was  need  of  a  faithful  and  able  lieu- 
tenant to  checkmate  the  plans  of  Geta,  Septimius's  brother,  who  was 
ruling  in  Dacia  at  that  time  (3.905,7794)   and  aspiring  to  imperial 
power.     Vit.  Sev.   10.3  Et  cum  iret   (Septimius)    contra  Albinum, 
in    itinere    apud    Viminacium    filium    suum    maiorem    Bassianum 
adposito  Aurelii  Antonini  nomine  Caesarem  appellavit,  ut  fratrem 
suum  Getam  ab  spe  imperii  quam  ille  conceperat  summoveret.     It  is 
not  probable,  since  Moesia  Superior  and  Bithynia  are  separated  by 
other    provinces,   that    Cilo   was    governor    of    Moesia     Superior 
and  Bithynia-Pontus  at  the  same  time,  as  might  possibly  be  inferred 
from  the  way    the  names  of    the  provinces    are  combined  in    our 
inscriptions.     In  the  summer  of  196  after  declaring  Albinus,  who 
had  been  Caesar  up  to  this  time,  a  public  enemy,  Septimius  set  out 
from  the  East  to  contest  the  throne  with  him  in  the  West.     On  the 
way,  at  Viminacium,  he  made  Caracalla  Caesar  in  his  stead,  hoping 
thereby  to  stop  the  intrigues  of  the  elder  Geta.     (Vit.  Sev.,  1.  c. ; 
Herod.  3.5.2.)     He  turned  aside  to  Rome  for  a  short  time  where 
disaffection  was  arising.     (Herod.  3.5.2  ff . ;  Dio  76.8;  Petr.  Patr., 
Exc.  Vat.  130,  p.  210,  19-26,  Dind.)     He  probably  took  Cilo  with 
him  from  Moesia  Superior  and  made  him  dux  vexillationum  per 
Italiam  exercitus  imp.  Severi  Pii  Pertinacis  Aug.  et  M.  Aureli  Aug. 
(6.1408;  cf.  Herod.  3.6.10:  eTrefi^e  Se  koX  arparov    [8vvdfxe(o<;]    rbv 
TO,    areva    twv   " AXirewv     Kara\7]y\r6ixevov     Koi     (^povp-qaovra    rrj^ 
'IraXia?  Taf;   etVySoXa?.)     The  use  of  Aug.  with  the  name  of  Anto- 
ninus here  seems  to  indicate  a  date  later  than  the  summer  of  198. 
But  the  position  of  this  item  in   1409  shows  that  his  ducatus  fell 
between    his    administrations    in    Moesia    Superior    and    Pannonia 


"  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  first  town  of  Bithynia  to  take  up  the  cause  of  Severus 
was  Nicomedia  (Herod.  3.2.9),  of  which  much  earlier  in  his  career  Cilo  had  been  curator 
(6.1408).  Bithynia  was  the  first  province  of  the  East  visited  by  Severus  after  the  victory  over 
Niger  at  Cyzicus. 

34 


Superior.  Ritterling.  AEM  20  (1897)  PP-  34-36.  Has  shown  that 
his  administration  of  Pannonia  began  before  Nov.  i.  197.  Numer- 
ous inscriptions  show  him  to  have  been  in  this  ofifice  as  late  as  201. 
(e.  g.  3.4638,4642).  He  was  curator  Aliniciae  and  praefectus  urbis 
before  his  second  consulship,  which  was  in  204.  These  two  inscrip- 
tions were  set  up  before  his  designation  for  his  second  consulship. 
There  seems  no  place  then  so  probable  for  his  ducatus  vexillationum 
as  between  the  Moesian  and  Pannonian  administrations,  and  at  no 
other  time  within  this  period  were  conditions  in  Italy  such  as  to  call 
so  imperatively  for  the  services  of  one  of  Septimius's  ablest  and 
most  trusted  lieutenants  in  such  an  ofifice.  Caracalla  was  already  a 
Caesar,  as  shown  above,  and  in  the  summer  of  197,  after  the  end  of 
the  campaign  against  Albinus  and  before  the  start  from  Rome  for 
the  Parthian  campaign  the  imperatoria  insignia  were  decreed  to  him 
by  the  senate  (Vit.  Sev.,  14.3),  and  this  may  have  led  one  writing 
an  inscription  several  years  later  (a.  203)  to  use  the  title  Augustus 
rather  loosely  in  connection  with  his  name.  Compare  comiti  Augg., 
leg.  Augg.  pro.  pr.  prov.  Galatiae  of  1409  with  comiti  imp.  L.  Sep- 

timi    Severi and  leg.  Aug.    pr.  pr.  provinc.  Galat.  of    1408. 

For  these  reasons  it  seems  probable  that  his  administration  of 
Moesia  ended  in  196.  Certainly  it  can  not  have  continued  longer 
than  the  autumn  of  197. 


46  Q.  Anicius  Faustus  202/210 


3.1685  (Ulpiana)  Imp.  Caesari,  divi  Marci  Antonini  Pii  Germanici 
Sarmatici  filio,  divi  Commodi  fratri,  divi  Antonini  Pii  nepoti,  divi  Hadriani 
pronepoti,  divi  Traiani  Parthici  abnepoti.  divi  Nervae  adnepoti,  L.  Septimio 
Severo  Pio  Pertenaci  Aug.  Arabico  Adiabenico  Parthico  Maximo  pontifici 
max.,  trib.  pot.  Ill/,  imp.  XI,  cos.  Ill,  procos.,  r.  p.  sua  Ulp.,  curante  Q. 
Anicio  Fausto,  leg.  Augustorum  pr.  pr. 

This  stone  is  no  longer  extant.  We  have  reports  of  several 
who  saw  it  between  1680  and  1742.  Their  copies  do  not  agree  in 
the  part  reported  above  "trib.  pot.  Ill,  imp.  XI,"  and  it  is  impossible 
to  have  any  confidence  in  a  conjecture  at  this  point  based  on  their 
reports.  They  do  all  agree  in  reporting  "cos.  III."  This  fixes  the 
upper  limit  of  the  date  of  the  administration  of  Faustus  in  Moesia 
as  202.     This    conclusion  is    supported  by  8.6  and   8.10992,  which 

35 


prove  that  he  was  governor  of  Numidia''  as  late  as  201.  Since  the 
title  Britannicus  is  not  among  the  cognomina  of  the  emperor  the 
lower  date  is  probably  not  later  than  210,  and  it  is  certainly  not 
later  than  his  death,  Feb.  211. 

It  seems  probable  to  me  that  his  administration  began  early  in 
the  period  marked  by  these  limits,  and  it  may  have  lasted  several 
years,  as  did  his  administration  in  Numidia. 

47  Pomponius  Bassus  212/217 

Dio  78.21.2 6s  akXovs  ri  Tivas  Kdi  tov  Bdffcrop  rbv  rod  Yloixwixiviov  7ra?5a,    i^ 

TTJs  Mvalas  dp^avTL  vTreffTpaT-rjyi^Keij  i(j€<TVKO(f)avTfiKei.  Kai  o^toI  (the  informers)  "re 
^s  vf)crovs  \nvepwpicrdr)(xav  (by  Macrinus  a.  217). 

His  administration  must  have  been  before  the  reign  of  Macrinus. 
and  probably  was  in  the  latter  part  of  the  sole  reign  of  Caracalla. 
This  is  the  only  passage  that  certainly  refers  to  him.  He  may  how- 
ever be  identical  with  the  consul  of  211,  and  with  the  Pomponius 
Bassus  killed  in  219  by  Elagabalus  (Dio  79.5),  who  had  conceived  a 
passion  for  the  wife  of  Pomponius.  I  have  no  means  of  deciding 
whether  he  ruled  upper  or  lower  Moesia. 

"  Q.  Anicius  Faustus  was  governor  of  Numidia  197-201.  8.6048,  17870,  18256,  "M.  Aurelio 
Antonino  -  -  -  -  imperatori  destinato"  indicate  probably  a.  197,  certainlj'  not  later  than  an 
early  month  of  a.  198.  (See  discussion  of  preceding  governor,  and  appendix.)  See  references 
above  for  the  lower  date.  Between  these  two  dates  he  was  consul  designatus,  consul  amplis- 
simus,  and  consularis.  As  he  was  legatus  of  Numidia  and  consul  at  the  same  time,  he  was 
consul  in  absentia.  The  year  of  his  consulship  is  variously  given.  Klein,  Pros.  A  439,  and 
VVaddington  p.  259,  make  him  cos.  sufF.  a.  198;  Lieb.  p.  298,  and  CIL,  a.  199.  The  considera- 
tions which  follow  seem  to  me  to  prove  the  correctness  of  the  later  date. 

In  three  inscriptions  he  is  named  consul  amplissimus.  8.17871  Imp.  Caesari  M.  Aurelio  Anto- 
nino Aug.  Parthico  Ma.ximo  tribuniciae  potestatis  bia  proconsuli  -  -  -  -  dedicante  Q.  Anicio  Fausto 
[leg.  Augustorum  pro  praetore,  cos.  am]plissimo  -  -  -  -  .  8.18068  -  -  -  -  dedica]nte  Q.  Ani[cio 
Fausto]  leg.  .^ugg.  [pr.  pr.  C.  V.  cos.]  ampl[issimo]  veteran[i  leg.  Ill]  .4ug.  P.  V.  q[ui 
mi]litare  c[oeperunt]  Cn.  CI.  Se[vero]  II  Tib.  CI.  P[ompeiano  II  coss.]  8.2553  Impp.  Caess. 
L.  Septimio  [Severo  .  .  .  .  et  M.]  .\urelio  Antonino  -  -  -  -  [dedicante  Q.  .\nicio]  Fausto  cos. 
ampl.  -  -  -  -  .  17871  seems  to  be  dated  clearly  a.  199  by  tribuniciae  potestatis  bis.  The  use  of 
bis  in  giving  the  number  of  the  tribunicial  power  is  found  in  8.3746  -  -  -  -  tribuniciae  potestatis 
bis,  COS.  bis,  designatus  ter  -  -  -  -  ,  and  in  12.5563  tribunicia  potestas  bis,  consul  bis,  and  may 
be  the  correct  reading  in  8.7002.  8.17940  is  similar  to  17871.  To  read  bis  proconsuli  would  be 
quite  exceptional,  10.8028  -  -  -  -  procos.  IIII  being  the  only  instance  that  I  have  seen  where  a 
numeral  stands  with  procos.  among  the  titles  of  an  emperor.  6.537  contains  bis  proconsulis 
used  in  a  different  way  of  a  man  not  an  emperor.  8.18068  contains  no  means  of  dating  it 
independently  with  certainty,  but  the  fact  that  these  veterani  enlisted  in  173  makes  it  probable 
that  their  missio  would  fall  in  199,  since  the  usual  term  of  service  in  the  legions  at  this  period 
was  twenty-six  years.  Cf.  3.14507,  6580.  There  are  no  means  of  dating  8.2553  with  exactness 
independently,  but  it  justifies  the  reading  "consul  amplissimus"  in  the  other  two.  Pros.,  1.  c, 
bases  its  "cos.  amplissimus  (suff.)  a.  198"  on  these  same  three  inscriptions,  together  with 
others  that  can  not  be  independently  dated,  but  does  not  explain  on  what  grounds  the  date  is 
assigned. 

Four  inscriptions  refer  to  Faustus  as  consul  designatus.    8.2550  Imp.  Caes.  -  -  -  -  Septimio 
Severo  -  -  -  -  Aug.    Arabico    Adiabenico    Parthico    p.    m.,    trib.    potestati    VI,    imp.    XI,    cos. 

3^ 


48  L.  Marius  Perpetuus''  212/221 

3.1 178  (Karlsburg,  Dacia)  L.  Mario  Perpetuo  cos.  Dae.  Ill,  leg.  Aug. 
pro  pr.  provinciae  Moesiae  Super.,  curat,  rerum  publicar.  urbis,  item  Tus- 
culanorum,  praesidi  prov.  Arabiae.  leg.  leg.  XVI  Fl.,  quaes,  candid.  Aug., 
trib.  latic.  leg.  IIII  Scyth.,  praes.  iustiss.  M,  UIp.  Caius  (centurio) 
[leg.]   Ill  Ital.  Antoninianae. 

This  inscription  was  set  tip  between  the  years  212  and  222.  as 
is  shown  by  the  tise  of  Antoninianae  as  cognomen  of  the  legion.  Per- 
pettius  was  at  this  time  cos.  Dae.  III.     Since  his  administration  of 

II  -  •  -  -  et  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug.  -  -  -  -  dedicante  Q.  Anicio  Fausto,  leg. 
Augg.  pro  pr.,  C.  V.,  cos.  desig.  -  -  -  -  .  8.2551  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimio  Severe  -  -  -  -  Aug. 
Arab.  Adiaben.  Parth.  Ma.ximo  et  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug.  -  -  -  -  dedic.  Q.  Anicio  Fausto, 
leg.   Auggg.   pr.  pr.,  cos.   desig.   -  -  -  -.     8.2527-252S  -  -  -  -   pro  salute  iuipp.   Caess.   L.   Septimii 

Severi Aug.  et  M.  Aureli  Antonini  Aug. Aug.  -  -  -  -  dedicant.  Q.  Anicio  Fausto, 

leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.,  C.  V.,  cos.  des.  -  -  -  -.  2550  is  definitely  dated  198  by  trib.  potestati  VI, 
with  which  every  thing  in  the  inscription  is  in  accord.  That  2551  is  not  earlier  tlian  198  is 
shown  by  Parth.  Ma.ximo,  Antonino  Aug.,  and  Auggg.  (See  appendix.)  The  same  is  shown 
for  2527-2528  by  Antonino  Aug.  and  the  third  Aug.,  which  once  belonged  to  Geta.  The  leg. 
Augg.  would  not  be  conclusive,  as  is  shown  by  8.17870.  These  four  inscriptions  show  that 
Faustus  was  consul  designatus  in  198.     (See  n.   73a.) 

8.2438  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimio  Severo  Pertinaci  Aug.  Pio  Fel.  Fortissimoque  Principi 
Arabico  Adiabenico  dedicante  [Q.  Anijcio  Fausto  [leg.]  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  [desig.]  cos.,  C.  V., 
[possess,  vici  La]mb.  Afundensium  faciendum  curaverunt  pecunia  conlata  quorum  nomina  at 
latus  basis  inscripta  sunt  Laterano  et  Ruflno  cos.  This  is  the  inscription  that  has  given  the 
trouble.  The  restoration  [desig.]  does  not  seem  to  be  doubtful,  and  these  are  the  consuls  of 
197.  But  possibly  this  dating  belongs  only  with  the  last  thing  mentioned  in  the  inscription: 
the  collection  of  the  money  for  the  monument  and  the  beginning  of  it  may  have  been  in  197, 
and  its  completion  and  dedication  by  the  consul  designate  in  198.  The  omission  of  Parthicus 
Maximus  from  the  titles  of  Septimius  indicates  an  early  month  in  198  for  the  dedication.  (See 
appendix,  and  Wirth,  Quaestiones  Severianae,  pp.  31-2.)  However,  no  matter  what  tlie  inter- 
pretation of  this  inscription,  the  main  contention  here,  that  Faustus  was  consul  suffectus  in 
199,  is  not  affected. 

'^»  The  seven  inscriptions  just  discussed  show  tliat  Faustus  was  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  of 
Numidia  in  198  and  199,  and  that  Lieb.  p.  316  is  therefore  in  error  in  assigning  this  office  to 
Victorianus  in  198.  This  is  also  inconsistent  with  his  own  assignment  of  Faustus  to  Numidia 
in  197-199  (p.  316),  and  with  his  con-ect  extension  of  Faustus's  term  in  Numidia  to  200  and 
201  on  page  295. 

'*  (a)  He  is  sliown  by  his  cursus  not  to  have  been  identical  with  L.  Marius  L.  f.  Quir. 
Maximus  Perpetuus   Aurelianus  of  6.1450-1453. 

(b)  The  indications  of  date  in  3.6709  and  6710  of  L.  Marius  Perpetuus  as  leg.  Augg.  leg. 
X\'I  F.  F.  do  not  agree.  Henzen's  conjecture  by  which  he  dated  tliese  two  inscriptions  a.  200 
(reported  in  Mommsen's  note  to  these  inscriptions  in  CIL  and  EE  5  p.  20)  is  made  less  prob- 
able by  3.14150,  from  which  Perpetuus  appears  to  have  been  governor  of  Arabia  in  200.  It  is 
dated  by  "Septimius  Severus  -  -  -  -  tribun.  potest.  VIII,  imp.  XI,  cos.  III".  Trib.  pot.  VIII 
indicates  the  year  200.  Imp.  SI  is  often  found  in  a.  200  and  later,  even  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  Cos.  Ill  belongs  to  202.  We  may  feel  reasonably  sure  in  assigning  200  as  the  date  of 
this  inscription.  If  the  stone  cutter's  mistake  in  3.6709  and  6710  be  supposed  to  be  the  cutting 
of  trib.  pot.  XII  instead  of  the  VII  of  his  copy  the  date  199  would  be  indicated,  and  cos.  II 
would  harmonize  with  this  assumption.  The  number  of  the  salutations  of  Septimius  is  often 
wTongly  given  on  the  monuments  and  could  not  be  held  to  invalidate  a  dating  based  upon  the 
number  of  the  tribunicial  power.  In  3.1178  Perpetuus'  service  as  praeses  Arabiae  is  shown  to 
liave  been  his  next  public  employment  after  ser\ing  as  leg.  leg.  XVI  Fl.  Thus  the  date  199 
for  3.6709  and  6710  agrees  well  with  200  for  3.14150. 

37 


X) 


9544 


Moesia  Superior  was  earlier  than  his  governorship  of  the  Dacias  it 
can  not  have  ended  later  than  221.  If  we  may  trust  the  one  'g'  in 
the  title  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  provinciae  Moesiae  Super.,  his  term  of 
office  in  Moesia  began  after  the  death  of  Geta  in  212. 


49 


C.  Furius  Octavianus  C.  V.  ?  About  223 


3.8169  (Near  Ulpiana)  Fortunae  Aeternae  domus  Furianae  pro  salute  C. 
Furi  Octaviani  C.  V.  Furius  Alcimus  et  Pontius  Veranus  pecunia  Octaviana 
faciendum  curaverunt. 

3.8238  was  set  up  by  a  slave  of  C.  Furius  Octavianus,  and  3.8240  to  a 
slave  of  his  mother  (cf.  6.1423).  Both  inscriptions  were  found  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Moesia  Superior.  These  with  the  inscription  quoted  seem  to 
show  that  he  had  estates  in  this  region.  He  may  have  been  a  governor  of  the 
province,  though  our  evidence  is  not  conclusive.  The  date  a.  223  is  given 
from  9.338,  in  which  he  is  named  as  a  patronus  of  Canusium. 


50 


Severianus  244 


Zos.  1. 19.  fin.  -  -  -  -  Se^Tjptoyy  Se  ri^  KTjdeffTri  ras  iv  Mixrt^  Kal  MaKedoviq, 
5vvdfi€i.s  iirlffTevffev  (sc.  ^tXtTTTros). 

This  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Philip,  the  selection 
of  a  relative  being  a  measure  of  precaution  on  the  part  of  the  new 
Emperor  in  establishing  himself  on  the  throne.  Probably  both 
Moesias  were  included  in  the  command."  If  only  one  Moesia  is 
meant,  it  would  certainly  be  Moesia  Superior  which  was  contiguous 
to  Macedonia. 

51  Ti.  Claudius  Marinus  Pacatianus  248 

Zos.  1.20.  end.  to.  5e  MvaQv  rdyfiara  Kal  UaL6vu}v  MapTvov  { ir  a  pr)'}  ay  ov  eh  ttjc 
rwv  6\u}v  dpx'^v). 

Zon.  12.19  (PI  624  end)  O&tos  5'  6  avTOKparup  ^iXiiriros  npbs  S/ci/^as  dpdnevos 
irdXefiov  els  "Pufi-ov  ivavrfKdev.  'Ev  5e  Mvaoh  M-aphbz  tls  ra^idpxv^  <^i'  Trapd  tCiv 
(TTpaTiwTwv  ^aaiXeveiv  rjpidy). 

Cohen  V  p.  182,  n.  7  Imp.  Ti.  CI.  Mar.  Pacatianus  Aug.  1  Romae  Aeter. 
an.  mill,  et  primo. 

The  name  and  date  are  from  the  coin.  The  fact  that  Zonaras 
mentions  only   the  Moesi   and   that  Zosimus   mentions   them   first 

"  Large  commands  were  common  on  the  lower  Danube  in  these  troublous  years.    See  5. 

38 


indicates  that  they  were  the  prime  movers  in  elevating  Marinus  and 
that,  if  his  command  did  not  inckide  both  the  Pannonias  and  the 
Moesias.  which  is  probable,  it  was  in  the  Moesias.  In  248,  the  date 
of  the  coin,  he  was  wearing  the  imperial  insignia.  The  accounts  of 
the  historians  indicate  that  the  war  against  the  Scythians  came  late 
in  the  reign  and  that  Marinus  was  placed  in  charge  of  affairs  on  the 
lower  Danube  after  this  war  was  begun.  He  probably  held  his 
imperial  station  but  a  few  months.  His  administration  in  Moesia 
as  governor  therefore  may  have  begun  and  ended  in  248. 


52  C.  Messius  Quintus  Traianus  Decius  249 

Zos.  1. 21  irap€Kd\et  Toivvv  rbv  AiKiov  tuv  iv  Mvcriq,  Kal  Ilaioplq.  TayfxaTwv 
dvadi^acrdai  ttjv  dpxV".  rod  5^  dta  to  Kal  iavrqi  Kal  ^i\lTnr({i  tout'  d^vfxfpopov  iiyeia-dai 
irapaiTov/jL^vov,  ttj  QerraXiKy  Xeyofiivr]  ireidavdyKT]  xp7;crdju,ews  iKiriixTrei  Kara.  Tr)v 
Tlaiovlav  avrdv^  ffoxppoviovvra  tovs  eKeiae  to,  Maplvov  (ppovqcavres.  oi  5e  TavT-r) 
aTpaTiCoTai  rbv  A^kiov  opwvTes  tois  rjnapTrjKoaii/  e7re^t6i'Ta,  KdWiov  eivai  <7<piffLv  ifyqaavTo 
Kal  Tbv  irapd  wodas  diroffelaaaOai  Kivbvvov  Kal  d/xa  irpocxT-qcraadai.  p.ovapxop  6s  Kal  rCov 
KOLvwv  cLv  iTniJ.€\r]deiri  Kpeiacrov  Kal  oii  ffiiv  irovcp  irepiiarai  ^lXlttttov  iroXiTiKri  re  dperrj  Kal 
TToXe^i/cTj  Treipq.  TrporjKOJv.  (22)  Trept^evres  odv  aiin^  ttjv  dXovpyida,  Kal  i(p^  eafTiij 
Xonrbf  oppusdovvTa  Trpbs  ttjv  tQ>v  wpayp.dTwv  Kal  aKovra  avvoidovct.  Krjde/jioviav. 

Zoii.  12.19  (PI-  625)  Qavfxdaas  o5v  6  <Pi\nnros  8id  toOto  Tbv  AeKiov,  direXdeTv 
irpoeTp^Trero  els  Mvfflav  Kal  Ko\d<Tai  tovs  ahiovs  Trjs  crrdaeuis.  0  5e  T-ijv  dwoaToKriv 
TraprjTeiTO,  \^7aji'  p.-rid''  eavTC^  /xriTe  tQ  (tt^Wovtl  <Tvp.<p4p€LV  avrbv  iKei  dTreXdelv.  'O  de 
<^lXnnros  Kal  eTi  ev^KUTO.  KdKeTvos  Kal  S.kwv  dTrrjei-  Kal  dweXdbvra  evdvs  avTov  oi 
ffTpaTiQTat  paaiXia  eixprjfi-qaav.  ToO  de  diravaivofxevov  to.  ^l<pr]  cnraad/xevoi  de^acrdai 
avTOP  iivdyKacrav  tt}v  dpxvv. 

It  is  evident  that  Decius  had  scarcely  reached  his  command  to 
take  charge  as  governor  when  the  soldiers  proclaimed  him  emperor. 
The  battle  with  the  Philips  to  decide  who  should  bear  the  imperial 
authority  took  place  in  the  autumn  of  249.  Decius  had  probably 
gone  out  to  his  provinces  in  the  spring  of  that  year.  Zosimus  and 
Zonaras  evidently  follow  the  same  source  here.  Zosimus  first  says 
that  Decius  was  asked  by  Philip  to  take  charge  of  the  armies  in 
Moesia  and  Pannonia,  and  later  that  he  was  sent  to  Pannonia. 
Zonaras  says  that  he  was  asked  to  go  and  did  go  to  Moesia.  It 
seems  then  that  he  was  really  placed  in  charge  of  both  Moesias  and 
both  Pannonias.  This  assignment  was  not  unusual  at  this  period. 
See  5.  On  the  possible  identity  of  this  governor  with  Q.  Decius 
Valerianus  see  115,  end. 

39 


53  M.  Aurelius  Claudius  * 

Vit.  Claud.  15. 1  Dux  factus  est  (Claudius)  et  dux  totius  Illyrici.  Habet 
in  potestatem  Thracios,  Moesos,  Dalmatas,  Pannonios,  Dacos  exercitus.  Vir 
ille  summus  nostro  quoque  iudicio  speret  consulatum  -  -  -  -. 

This  extract  from  a  letter  of  Valerian  dates  his  appointment  between  253 
and  259,  but  the  evidence  of  the  letters  in  this  biography  is  worthless.™  It 
should  be  noted  here  that  Claudius  had  not  yet  been  consul  and  his  command 
was  a  very  large  one.  It  looks  like  an  invention  from  the  time  of  equestrian 
duces  limitis.     Cf.  54,  128. 


54  Regalianus  258/268 

Vit.  Tyr.  Trig.  lo.i  Regilianus  denique  in  Tllyrico  ducatum  gerens  im- 
perator  est  factus  auctoribus  imperii  Moesis,  qui  cum  Ingenuo  fuerant  ante 
superati,  in  quorum  parentes  graviter  Gallienus  saevierat.  10.14  Nee  a 
Gallieno  quidem  vir  iste  promotus  est,  sed  a  patre  eius  Valeriano. 

Vict.  Epit.  32  His  (sc.  Valeriano  et  Gallieno)  imperantibus  Regillianus 
in  Moesia,  Cassius  Latienus  Postumus  in  Gallia,  Gallieni  filio  interfecto  im- 
peratores  efifecti  sunt.  Cf.  Vict.  Caes.  33.2  Ibi  Ingebum  quem  curantem 
Pannonos  comperta  Valeriani  clade  imperandi  cupido  incesserat  Mursiae 
devicit;  moxque  Regalianum  qui  receptis  militibus  quos  Mursina  labes 
reliquos   fecerat  bellum   duplicaverat. 

AEM  16(1893)  P-  240  Imp.  C.  P.  C.  Regalianus  Aug.  |  Liberalitas  Augg. 

The  form  of  the  name  given  is  based  on  the  coins"  and  Vict. 
Caes.  33.2.  The  brief  elevation  of  Regahanus  by  the  Moesian  troops 
occurred  some  years  after  the  defeat  of  Ingenuus  in  258  and  before 
the  end  of  the  reign  of  GalHenus  in  268.  Vit.  Gallieni  9.1  implies 
that  his  administration  as  governor  was  in  progress  in  263.  In  Tyr. 
Trig.  10.9  he  is  called  Illyrici  dux.  Cf.  10.  i  In  Illyrico  ducatum 
gerens.  This  may  be  an  anachronism  of  the  author  in  applying  a 
title  from  the  administrative  arrangements  of  his  own  day  to  an 
earlier  time."  Regalianus  may,  however,  have  had  the  armies  of 
both  Moesias  under  his  command  or  even  have  had  a  wider  com- 
mand than  that. 

'«  Cf.  Klebs,  Hist.  Zeitsch.  N.  F.  25  (1889)  p.  229  f. 

"  This  rare  coin  is  published  by  Th.  Rohde,  AEM,  1.  c.  It  is  figured  in  connection  with 
the  same  article.    Cf.   Eckhel   7  p.   462,   Coh.   6.   p.   10,   n.   3.    His  name  as  emperor  is  given 

from  this  coin  Imp.  Caesar  Publius  C ius  Regalianus.    This  may  or  may  not  have  been  the 

exact  form  of  his  name  before  his  elevation.    The  two  g's  are  explained  as  referring  to  him 
and  his  wife,  and  a  parallel  is  found  in  coins  of  Aurelianus  and  his  wife. 

'*  Cf.  53  for  a  similar  anachronism. 

40 


55  Egnatius  Marinianus 

JOI  6  Beibl.  14  (Viminacium)  E[g]natins  Marinianus  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

This  inscription  is  on  the  base  of  a  statue.  I  see  no  means  of 
determining  with  any  confidence  the  date  of  this  governor.  A  coin 
of  diva  Mariniana  was  minted  at  Viminacium,  a.  253/254.'"  A 
Marinianus  was  consul  a.  268.""  Egnatii  are  not  uncommon  after 
the  latter  part  of  the  first  century.  V.  Premerstein  suggests"  that 
our  governor  may  have  been  connected  with  the  emperor  Gallienus 
on  his  mother's  side.  His  administration  may  belong  within  the 
reign  of  that  emperor. 


56  M.  Caecilius  Novatilianus  C.  V.      Third  Century 

9.1572   (Beneventum)   M.  Caecilio  Novatilliano,  C.  V.,  oratori  et  poetae 
inlustri,  allecto  inter  consulares,  praesidi  prov.  Moes.  Sup. 

I  have  found  no  means  of  dating  his  administration  of  the 
province  within  narrow  limits.  "Litteris  aevi  labentis"  is  the  note 
in  CIL  on  this  inscription.  The  title  praeses,  the  allecto  inter  con- 
sulares, and  the  order  of  the  letters  C.  V.,  indicate  probably  the  third 
century.^ 


57  Calpurnius  lulianus  V.  C. 

3.1566  (Mehadia,  Dacia)  Herculi,  genio  loci,  fontibus  calidis,  Calpurnius 
lulianus  V.  C.  leg.  leg.  V  Mac.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  [prov.]  Moesiae  .... 
[eriori]s    v.  1.  s. 

I  have  given  the  reading  of  Mommsen,  whose  note  is,  ContuH 
ectypum  non  optime  factum  partis  inferioris.  Hirschfeld,  Sitzb. 
Wien.  Akad.  'JJ  (1874)  p.  365,  n.  2,  having  re-read  the  inscription, 
reports  having  made  out  [M]oesiae  [....]  s,  with  the  vertical 
strokes  of  PE  or  FE  in  the  position  to  make  out  in  the  second  word 
'Superioris'  or  'Inferioris.'  We  may  then  consider  him  to  have  been 
governor  either  of  Moesia  Superior  or  of  Moesia  Inferior.     But  of 

"Pick,  p.  59,  n.  191. 
s»  Pros.  M  213. 
SI  JOI,   1.   c. 
82  Pros.  C  50. 

41 


which  province  we  can  not  say."  The  fact  that  the  inscription  was 
found  in  Dacia  proves  that  its  date  is  later  than  the  conquest  of 
Dacia  under  Trajan.  The  same  inference  might  be  made  from  the 
title  vir  clarissimus. 


58  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus  * 

37904  (Sarmizegetusa,  Dacia)  Eponab.  et  Campestrib.  sacr.  M.  Calven- 
tius  Viator  (centurio)  leg.  IIII  F.  F.,  exerc.  eq.  sing.  C.  Avidi  Nigrini  leg. 
Aug.  pr.  pr.,  V.  s.  1.  m. 

V.  Domaszewski's  note  in  CIL  is,  Litterae  omnino  saeculi  tertii.  In 
AEM  13  p.  143  he  suggests  that  Nigrinus  was  probably  governor  of  Moesia 
Superior  in  which  leg.  IIII  F.  F.  was  stationed  rather  than  of  Dacia,  in  whose 
capital  the  inscription  was  found.  It  seems  better,  however,  with  Dessau 
(Inscr.  Sel.  2417  n.)  and  Jung  (Fasten  d.  Provinz  Dacien  p.  15,  no.  18)  to 
believe  that  the  exercitator  eq.  sing.  C.  Avidi  Nigrini  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  (prov. 
Daciae)  was  an  ex-centurion  from  the  army  of  the  neighboring  province.  Cf. 
A.  Miiller,  Philologus  41  (1882)  p.  497:  Da  dieses  Corps  (sc.  singulares)  nur 
Decurionen  hatte,  so  konnen  jene  Officiere  nur  von  anderen  Truppenkorpern 
abcommandiert  gewesen  sein.  We  need  not,  however,  with  Lieb.  p.  5  identify 
this  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus  with  the  legatus  of  the  same  name  of  Trajan's 
time  (3.567.  See  17  above.)  No  other  inscription  of  an  exercitator  equitum 
singularium  of  a  governor,  nor  even  of  an  exercitator  outside  of  Rome,  is 
known  earlier  than  the  last  half  of  the  second  century. 

^'  Mommsen,  CIL,  1.  c,  n.,  saw  that  the  fact  that  Julianus  had  been  leg.  leg.  V.  Mac. 
gave  no  reason  to  assume  that  the  province  which  he  governed  was  Moesia  Inferior.  Domas- 
zewski's hypothesis  (AEM  13  (1890)  p.  142  ff.)  that  Mehadia  formed  part  of  Moesia  Superior  at 
this  time  lacks  convincing  proof,  and  has  not  commended  itself  to  Dessau  (Inscr.  Sel.  2417) 
and  Jung  (Fasten  der  Provinz  Dacien,  p.  16).  On  this  hypothesis  he  wished  to  make  Julianus 
a  governor  of  Moesia  Superior  (1.  c.  p.  144,  n.  81). 


42 


GOVERNORS   OF   MOESIA   INFERIOR 


59  Sex.  Octavius  Fronto  92 

Bull.  corr.  hell,  ii  (1887)  pp.  163-168  (Chersonesus)  '^^^tov  'Oktoloviov 
4>p6i'T[aj]  j'o,  Trpea^evTTjv  Kal  dvrio'TpdTrjyov  AiiTOKparopos  AopLeriavov  Kalcrapos  Qeov 
SejSacTTOiJ  YepfxaviKov.      '0  oijfios. 

Dipl.  XXII  =  XV,  CIL  3  p.  858  Imp.  Caesar  clivi  Vespasiani  f. 
Domitianus  Augustus  Germanicus  pontifex  maximus,  tribunic.  potestat.  XI, 
imperator  XXI,  censor  perpetuus,  consul  XVI,  p.  p.,  iis  qui  militant  in  classe 
Flavia  Moesica,  quae  est  sub  Sex.  Octavio  Frontone, . 

Fronto  was  consul  suffectus  in  86.  (Dipl.  XIX  =  XI\",  CIL 
3  p.  857.)  The  inscription  from  Chersonesus  makes  it  certain  that 
he  was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior.***  Diploma  XXII  had  left  the 
question  as  to  whether  he  was  a  governor  or  merely  the  prefect  of 
the  fleet  in  some  doubt,**  though  the  fact  that  he  had  been  consul  in 
86  might  have  seemed  decisive,  since  the  praefecti  classium  were  of 
the  equestrian  rank.  The  Greek  inscription  may  have  been  set  up 
at  the  time  of  his  departure  from  Moesia  when  his  successor  was 
named  by  Nerva.  His  administration  began  as  early  as  92,  the  date 
of  the  diploma. 

60  Q.  Pomponius  Rufus  99 

Dipl.  XXXI,  3  p.  1971  Imp.  Caesar  divi  Nervae  f.  Nerva  Traianus 
Augustus  Germanicus  pontifex  maximus,  tribunic.  potestat.  Ill,  cos.  II,  p.  p., 

**  See  4.    Tins  inference  is  based  on  the  supposition  that  Moesia  had  already  been  divided. 

55  Of.  Mommsen,  CIL  3  p.  909,  praeses  nisi  est  praefectus  classis,  and  p.  910,  praefectus 
nisi  est  legatus  provinciae.  Later  in  CIL  3  p.  2013  he  explains  the  name  following  sub  in 
this  diploma  as  nomen  praefecti,  but  on  p.  2020  he  lists  him  as  praeses  and  on  p.  2023  omits 
his  name  from  the  list  of  praefecti  classium.  Fiebiger,  P-W  3  p.  2648  names  him  as  prefect 
of  the  fleet.  This  confusion  seems  to  have  arisen  from  the  fact  that  most  of  our  diplomata 
referring  to  fleets  are  concerned  with  the  fleets  at  Misenum  and  Ravenna,  and  name  the  prae- 
fectus classis,  preceded  by  the  preposition  sub.  But  these  fleets  of  Italy  were  not  subject  to 
any  provincial  governor.  There  are  only  seven  diplomata  known  that  are  concerned  with 
provincial  fleets.  Six  of  these  (Dipl.  XXX,  XXXIII,  XXXVI,  LIX,  CVIII,  and  the  one  under 
discussion,  XXII)  do  not  mention  the  praefectus  classis  and  do  name  the  provinical  governor. 
(The  name  has  been  lost  in  dipl.  CVIII.)  One  of  them,  dipl.  XVIII,  the  earliest,  names  the 
praefectus  classis  after  naming  the  governor,  "sub  C.  Septimio  Vegeto  et  Claudio  Cleniente 
praefecto  classis."  In  another,  dipl.  XXV,  where  classicis  seems  to  be  a  correct  restoration, 
only  the  provincial  governor  is  named.  A  provincial  fleet  formed  a  unit  in  the  military  forces 
of  a  province,  just  as  a  legion,  a  cohort,  or  an  ala,  and  over  this  entire  force  the  governor  was 
commander.  It  would  be  surprising  rather  than  natural  to  find  the  name  of  the  praefectus 
classis  in  a  diploma  in  the  position  occupied  by  the  name  of  Fronto  in  this  diploma,  when  the 
names  of  legati  legionum,  and  praefecti  cohortium  et  alarum  are  not  so  found. 

43 


equitibus  et  peditibus  qui  militant  in  -  -  -  -  et  sunt  in  Moesia  Inferiore  sub 

Q.  Pomponio  Rufo .  A.  d.  XVIIII  K.  Septembr.  Q.  Fabio  Barbaro,  A. 

Caecilio  Faustino,  cos. 

8.13  (Leptis)  Q.  Pomponius  [Q.  f.  R]ufus  cos.,  pont.,  so[dalis  .  .  .  .,  leg. 
Aug.]  pro  pr.  provinc[iae  M]oesiae,  Dalmati[ae  .... 

Dipl.  XXXI    and    XXX  =  XX.   CIL   3    p.  863   show   him   to 
have  been  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  Aug.  14,  99. 


61  M'.  Laberius  Maximus  Circa  100 — 102 


Plin.  ad  Traj.  74.1  Appuleius  -  -  -  -  scripsit  mihi  quendam  nomine  Cal- 
lidromum  -  -  -  -  indicasse  servisse  aliquando  Laberio  Maximo  captumque  a 
Susago  in  Moesia  et  a  Decibalo  muneri  missum  Pacoro,  Parthiae  regi,  pluri- 
busque  annis  in  ministerio  eius  fuisse,  deinde  fugisse  atque  ita  in  Nicomediam 
pervenisse. 

Dipl.  XXXII  =  dipl.  XXI  3  p.  864 .   A.  d.  XIII  K.  Febr.  M'.  Laberio 

Maximo  II  Q.  Atilio  Agricola  II  cos. 

6.854  Imp-  Caesare  Nerv[a  Traiano  Aug.]  Germanico  [Dacico  II]  M. 
Laberi[o  Maximo  II  cos.] 

Dio  68.9.4  -  -  -  -  0  Md^tyaos  ev  tQ  a.vT<^  XP^''V  '''^^  '''^  a5e\(pr)v  aOrov  (sc.  Ae/ce- 
/SdXoi/)  /cat  x'^P'-^^  ■'"'  ic^X^P^"  f^^c, . 

Borghesi,  Op.  3  p.  70  f.,  infers  that  Maximus  was  governor 
of  Moesia  during  the  first  Dacian  war  of  Trajan.  This  seems  very 
probable  from  all  the  evidence.  He  was  cos.  II  in  103*"  first  with 
the  Emperor  and  later  with  Q.  Glitius  Atilius  Agricola,  who  was 
also  holding  his  second  consulship.  Agricola  had  won  laurels  in 
this  war  as  governor  of  Pannonia  in  100-102."  The  high  honor  of 
a  second  consulship  seems  to  have  been  bestowed  on  both  these  men 
this  year  in  recognition  of  their  achievements  in  the  same  campaigns. 
The  probable  date  of  the  administration  of  Maximus  in  Moesia  In- 
ferior is  100-102,  during  which  the  preparation  for  the  war  and  the 
principal  campaigns  were  made. 

The  praenomen  is  from  the  diploma.  It  is  given  also  in  the 
apparatus  to  6.854  as  a  variant  reading  for  M.,  though  not  there 
printed  in  the  inscription  by  the  editor. 


80  6.854  is  incorrectly  dated  a.  104  in  CIL. 

8'  5.6974-6980.    Ritterling,  Die  Statthalter  der  pannonischen  Provinzen,  AEM  20  (1897)  p.  14. 


44 


62  [Fa]bius  Postuminus  102/103 

3.14451  (Tomi)  ....  Nervae  f.  Nerv  ....  pot.  VTI,  imp.  TTTT,  c[os.] 
....  [Fajbio  Postumino  [leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr ] 

This  restoration  is  fairly  certain.  Postuminus  is  known  as  a 
consular  or  an  ex-praetor,  a.  97,  from  Pliny,  Epist.  9.13,  and  as  a 
proconsul  of  Asia  from  coins.'*^ 

63  L.  Licinius  Sura  * 

For  text  and  discussion  see  31. 

64  A.  Caecilius  Faustinus  105 

Dip].  XXXIII,  3  p.  1972  =  XXII,  3  p.  865  Imp.  Caesar  divi  Nervae  f. 
Nerva  Traianus  Augustus  Germanicus  Dacicus  pontifex  maximus,  tribunic. 

potestat.  Vim,  imp.  IV,  cos.  V,  p.  p.,  equitibus  et  peditibus  qui  militant  in 

et  sunt  in  Moesia  Inferiore  sub  A.  Caecilio  Faustino . A.  d.  Ill 

Idus  Mai  C.  lulio  Basso  Cn.  Aeranio  Dextro  cos. 

The  date  of  this  diploma  is  May  13,  105. 

65  P.  Calpurnius  Macer  Caulius  Rufus  112 

3-777  (Troesmis)  Imp.  Caes.  divi  fil.  Nervae  Traiano  Aug.  Germ. 
Dacico  pont.  max.,  trib.  pot.  XVI,  imp.  VI,  cos.  V[I],  p.  p.,  P.  Calpurnio 
Macro  Caulio  Rufo,  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr. 

Dipl.  XXXVIII,  3  p.  1974  is  probably  to  be  restored  -  -  -  -  et  sunt  [in 
Moesia  Infjeriore  sub  P.  Ca[lpurnio  Macr]o 

The  inscription  shows  him  to  have  been  in  Moesia  in  112. 

66  Q.  Roscius    Sex.f.    Quir.    Coelius  Murena  Silius  Decianus 

Vibullus  Pius  Julius  Eurycles  Herclanus 

Pompeius  Falco.  116—117 

3.12470  (Tropaeum  Traiani)  [Imp.  Caes.  divi  Nervae  f.]  Ner[vae  Traiano 
Op]t.  Aug.  Germ.  Dae.  Parthic.  [pont.  max.,  trib.  p]ot.  XX,  imp.  XII,  cos.  VI, 
p.  p.,  [Tra]ianenses  Tropaeenses  [Q.  RJoscio  Murena  Coelio  Pompeio  Fal- 
cone, leg.  Aug.  pr.   [pr.] 

**  Waddington,  Fastes,  no.  115. 

45 


3-7S37  (Alakapu)  Imp.  Caesari  divi  Nervae  f.  Nervae  Traiano  Optimo 
Aug.  Ger.  Dae.  Parth.  pont.  max.,  trib.  pot.  [X]XI,  imp.  XII,  cos.  VI,  p.  p., 
respublica  Tomit.  Q.  Roscio  Murena  Coelio  Po[mp.]  Falcone,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

10.6321  (Tarracina)  Q.  Roscio  Sex.  f.,  Quir.  Coelio  Murenae  Silio 
Deciano  Vibullo  Pio  lulio  Eurycli  Herclano  Pompeio  Falconi  cos.,  XVvir 
s.  f.,  procos.  provinc.  Asiae,  leg.  pr.  pr.  imp.  Caes.  Traiani  Hadriani  Aug. 
provinc.  Brittanniae.  leg.  pr.  pr.  imp.  Caes.  Nervae  Traiani  Aug.  Germanici 
Dacici  provinc.  Moesiae  Inferior.,  curator!  viae  Traianae  et  leg  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
provinc.  ludaeae  et  leg.  X.  Fret.,  leg.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Lyciae  et  Pamphyliae,  leg. 
leg.  V  Macedonic,   [in  bello  Dacico  donis  militari]bus  donato  .... 

3.12117  (Budrum)  Q.  Roscio  Sex.  f.  Qui.  Coelio  Pompeio  Falconi  decem- 
viro  stlitibus  iudicandis,  trib.  mil.  leg.  X  Fret.,  quaestori,  trib.  pleb.,  pr.  inter 
cives  et  peregrinos,  leg.  Aug.  leg.  V.  Maced.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provin.  Lyciae 
et  Pamphyliae,  leg.  Aug.  leg.  X  Fret,  et  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  ludaeae  con- 
sularis,**  XVviro  sacris  faciundis,  curator  viae  Traianae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
prov.  Moes.  Inf.,  IIo^Treroj'  ^oKKova  ASXos  Aa^^pios  Ka/xepTvos  Kai  Xa^epios  KafxepTpos 
vlbs  aiiTov  eKarovTapxv^  ^ey.  E  MaKedoviK^s,  rbv  Idiov  (j)l\ov  Kai  evepyeTrjv  eK  rod  idioVj 
T€tp.r]S  'iv€Kev, 

3.12470  is  dated  Dec.  10,  115/  Dec.  10,  116.  His  term  may  have 
begun  before  that  time,  and  probably  did,  since  he  seems  to  have 
been  governor  of  Judaea  by  107.  and  the  curatorship  of  via  Traiana 
and  possibly  the  consulship  (See  note  89.)  are  the  only  offices  that 
intervened  between  his  administration  of  Judaea  and  of  Moesia  In- 
ferior. Since  in  10.6321  he  is  styled  legatus  of  Trajan  in  Moesia 
Inferior  and  legatus  of  Hadrian  in  his  next  province,  his  successor 
in  Moesia  probably  was  appointed  at  the  beginning  of  Hadrian's 
reign. 


67  [A^]rtorius  120 

3.12493  and  3.7539  (Tomi)  [Imp.  Caesari  divi  Traiani  Pa]rthici  [fil.  divi 
Nervae  nepot]i  Tr[aian]o  Hadria[no  Aug.  pont.  max.,  trib.]  pot.  IIII,  cos. 
[I] II,  respublica  Tomita[norum  dedicante  ....  rto]rio,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

\KvTOKp.  Kats.,  ^eoO  Tpatai'oO]  YlapdiKov  iity,  deov  [Nepoi^a  wwyfj;,  ' KbpiauQ 
Se/SacTcJS] ,  apxiepet  /xeyiarcf)^  d7)[piapxi-K.  e^oi/s.  to  .  .  ,  vwaru)  to  ...  ^  7}  ^ovXr]  dijfios 
TofieiTwv.      .  .  ['AJpraipios  Trpecr^evTris  tov   [I.ejBacTTOu  /cat  dvT laT pa]  Tijy 6s  KadiepQcrev. 

The  Latin  part  of  this  inscription  (3.7539.)  is  republished  as  3.12493.®" 
its  readings  being  supplemented  by  the  help  of  an   additional   fragment.     I 

*'  The  word  consularis  in  this  inscription  is  puzzling.  There  was  no  ludaea  consularis. 
The  legates  of  Judaea  were  regularly  of  tlie  praetorian  rank.  If  we  suppose  that  by  exception 
Falco  was  sent  to  Judaea  as  a  consular,  we  find  him  strangely  filling  next  another  praetorian 
office  as  curator  viae  Traianae. 

^"  The  reference  in  OIL  is  to  7359  by  mistake. 

46 


have  given  the  Latin  part  from  3.12493  and  ihc  Greek  part  from  3.7539.     It 
is  republished  in  IGR  1.606. 

The  date  is  fixed  as  120  by  the    tribunicial  number,  from    the 
newer  portion  of  the  Latin  part  of  the  inscription. 


68  Sex.  Minicius  Faustinus  [C.  ?|  lulius    C.f.    Serg. 

Severus  128/131 

3.2830  Cf.  3  p.  1059,  3.9891.  (Kistagne,  Dalmatia)  [Sex.]  Minicio 
Fanstino  [C.  ?]  I[uli]o  C.  ?  f]il.  Serg.  Severo  [V.  C.  se]v[iro]  turmae  V  Eq. 
[R.,  I]IITviro  viarum  curandarum,  XVviro  s.  f.,  trib.  mil.  leg.  [X]III  (or 
XIIII)  Geminae,  quaestor,  provinciae  Macedoniae  candidate  divi  Trai. 
Partici,  trib.  pleb.  candidate  eiusdem,  praetor,  leg.  leg.  XIIII  Geminae,  leg. 
pr.  pr.  imp.  Traiani  Hadriani  Aug.  provinciae  Daciae,  cos.,  leg.  pr.  pr.  pro- 
vinciae Moesiae  Inferioris,  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Brittaniae,  leg.  pr.  pr. 
provinciae  ludeae,  leg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Suriae.  Huic  [senatus]  auctore 
[imp.  Tra]iano  Hadriano  Aug.  ornamenta  triumphalia  decrevit  ob  res  in 
ludea  prospere  gestas.  d.  d. 

luHus  Severus  was  consul  suffectus  Oct.  11,  127  (See  dipl. 
XLIV  =  XXXI,  3  p.  874.),  and  is  probably  identical  with  this  gov- 
ernor. Dio  69.13,  speaking  of  the  war  in  Judea,  a.  130-134  (Cf. 
Schulz.  Leben  des  Kaisers  Hadrian,  p.  82  f.,  with  Anm.  235.),  and 
apparently  under  the  year   133,  says: 

rdre  Sr]  rSre  tovs  KpaTlarovs  tQiv  (TTpaT-qyOiv  6  'ASpiavbs  ^tt'  avTovs  eirefjApev^  u)v 
irpwTOS    loi/Xtoj  'S,€ov7jpo%  VTTrjpx^v^  dvo  BpeTTavias  ■^s  ^px^"  f'""'  Toys  'lovdaiovs  crTaKeis. 

His  administration  of  Moesia  Inferior,  falling  between  his  con- 
sulship and  his  administration  of  Britain,  belongs  within  the  years 
128/131. 

69  L.  Minicius    L.f.    Gal.    Natalis  Quadronius"'  Verus     128/133 

14-3599  (Tibur)  L.  Minicio  L.  f.  Gal.  Natali  Quadronio  Vero.  cos.,  pro- 
cos,  prov.  Africae,  auguri,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Moesiae  Infer.,  curaton 
operum  publicorum  et  aedium  sacrar.,  curat,  viae  Flamin.,  praef.  alimentor., 
leg.  Aug.  leg.  VI  Victr.  in  Britannia,  praetori,  trib.  pleb.  candidate,  quaestori 
candidate  divi  Hadriani  et  eodem  tempore  legate  prov.  Afric.  dioeceseos 
Carthaginien.  procensulis  patris  sui,  trib.  mil.  leg.  I  Adiut.  P.  P.,  item  leg. 
XI  CL.  P.  F.,  item  leg.  Gemin.  Martiae  Victric,  Illviro  monetali  a.  a.  a.  f.  f., 
patrene  municipii,  curat,  fani  Here,  -  -  -  - 

"  The  cognomen  Quadronius  was  probably  assumed  in  honor  of  Q.  Licinius  Silvanus 
Granianus  Quadronius  Proculus,  his  father's  colleague  in  the  consulship. 

47 


8.4643  (Thagora)  [Imp.  Caes.  T.  Aelio]  Hadriano  [Antonino]  Aug.  Pio 
[pont.  max.,  trjib.  pot.  II,  [cos.  II.  des.  Ill],  d.  d.,  p.  p.,  [L.  Quadroniusl 
Minicius    [Natalis   Verus]    procos.,   dedic."" 

From  the  second  inscription  he  is  known  to  have  been  proconsul 
of  Africa  in  139.  His  father  was  consul  in  106''^  and  held  the  pro- 
consulship  of  Africa,  therefore,  not  far  from  118,  which  would, 
therefore,  be  the  date  of  the  son's  quaestorship.  ( 14.3599,  2.4509, 
4510,  451 1.)  Both  these  facts  point  to  about  127/130  as  the  date 
of  our  governor's  consulship.  (Cf.  Borghesi,  Op.  8  pp.  46  ff.) 
His  administration  of  Moesia,  therefore,  probably  immediately  pre- 
ceded or  followed  that  of  Julius  Severus  (see  the  preceding  gover- 
nor) and  certainly  came  before  139. 


70  Sex.  lulius  Maior  134 

Dipl.  XLVIII,  3  p.  1979  =  XXXIV,  3  p.  877  Imp.  Caesar  divi  Traiani 
Parthici   f.   divi    Nervae   nepos   Traianus    Hadrianus    Aug.    pont.    max.,    trib. 

potest.  XVIII,  COS.  Ill,  p.  p.,  equitibus  et  peditibus  qui  militaverunt  in 

et  sunt  in  Moesia  Inferior,  sub  lulio  Maiore .  A.  d.  IIII  Non.  Apr.,  T. 

Vibio  Varo  T.  Haterio  Nepote  cos. 

8.10296  (Near  Constantina,  Numidia)  Ex  auctoritate  imp.  Caesaris 
Traiani  Hadrian.  Aug.  pontes  viae  novae  Rusicadensis  r.  p.  Cirtensium  sua 
pecunia  fecit  Sex.  lulio  Maiore  leg.  Aug.  leg.  Ill  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

The  praenomen  is  known  from  the  Numidian  inscription.  From 
the  diploma  we  learn  that  he  was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  April 
2,  134- 


92  Other  inscriptions  of  this  governor  are  2.4509,  4510,  4511,  8.4643,  14.3554,  3599,  11.2925; 
IG  14.1125  =  CIG  5977,  IG  7.89.  A  few  other  fragmentary  inscriptions  add  nothing  to  our 
knowledge  of  him.  Ritterling  JOI  10  (1907)  pp.  307  ff.)  seems  to  be  right  also  in  correcting 
the  restoration  of  the  inscription  from  Callatis  given  in  AEM  19  (1896)  p.  108,  n.  63=IGR  1.653 
and  referring  it  to  this  governor.  The  order  of  the  three  military  tribuneships  is,  however,  the 
reverse  of  what  we  should  expect.  The  use  of  the  cognomen  Nei/ci7<^opos  of  the  fourteenth 
legion  without  the  other  titles  seems  to  be  justified  by  IG  7.89,  tliough  I  have  not  observed 
a  parallel  in  a  Latin  inscription. 

93  The  date  of  this  consulship  is  shown  by  6.2016,  and  is  wrongly  given  as  107  in  2.4509, 
10.5670,  and  8.4676;  also  in  CIG  5977,  an  inscription  of  the  son  there  incorrectly  assigned  to  the 
father.  IG  14.1125  re-edits  this  inscription  without  mentioning  CIG  in  the  list  of  previous 
editions  of  it. 

48 


/ 


I  Antius  Rufinus  ( ?)  136 


3.14422'  (Jajdzi)  Ex  auctoritate  imp.  Caesaris  divi  Traiani  Parthici  filii 
divi  Nervae  nepotis  Traiani  Hadriani  Aug.  p.  p.  pontifici  maximo,  tribuniciae 
potest.  XX,  COS.  Ill,  Ant[ius]''*  Rufinus  inter  Moesos  et  Thraces  fines  posuit. 

3.749  (Cf.  3  pp.  992,  1338)  and  3.12407  are  other  occurrences  of  the  same 
inscription. 

These  boundary  stones  inter  Moesos  et  Thraces  were  set  up  by  Antius 
Rufinus  in  136  under  a  special  commission  from  the  emperor.  Perhaps 
trouble  over  jurisdiction  had  arisen  through  the  aggressiveness  of  the  thriving 
Thracian  municipium  of  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum,  now  about  thirty  years  old, 
which  with  its  territorium  was  transferred  a  half  century  later  from  the 
authority  of  the  governor  of  Thrace  to  that  of  the  governor  of  Moesia 
Inferior.  We  are  not  told  in  what  capacity  Antius  Rufinus  was  acting.  It 
has  been  generally  considered  that  he  was  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior."'' 
More  can  not  be  asserted,  however,  than  that  he  may  have  been.  It  seems 
a  little  remarkable,  if  the  boundaries  were  in  dispute,  that  the  decision  should 
have  been  left  to  the  governor  of  either  province.'"  If  left  to  either  governor, 
it  would  naturally  have  been  to  the  Moesian  governor,  who  had  the  more 
important  command  and  was  an  ex-consul,  while  his  neighbor  was  only  an 
ex-praetor.  But  Rufinus  may  have  been  a  special  commissioner,  and  not  the 
governor  of  either  province." 


72  Fuficius  Co[rnutus]  About  138/146 

IGR    1.609    (Tomi)         (a)      [AvTOKparopi    TiTi{j    AlXlifi]     'Aopiaix^    'AvTuveivif} 
Evcre^eT  ^e^acTTi^  kuI  [Mdp/cc^  Avpr]\]iifi  K[aiaapi\  .... 
(b)      [^]ov(I)(.kIov  Koi[vriavov  .  .  .  .  ] 

'*  The  restoration  of  the  nomen  Ant[ius]  is  made  certain  by  the  otlier  stones  bearing  the 
same  inscription.  The  praenomen  Marcus,  given  by  v.  Prem.  p.  189  and  with  an  indication  of 
doubt  by  Klebs  in  P-W  1  p.  1265  (not  in  Pros.  A  621),  seems  to  liave  no  foundation  other  than 
a  guess  in  the  restoration  of  3.749,  and  is  clearly  not  used  in  the  later  copies  of  the  inscription, 
3  p.  992  and  3.  14422*.  The  dative  pontifici  maximo  of  3.749  is  corrected  to  the  genitive  in  the 
later  reading  3  p.  992,  but  occurs  also  in  3.12407  and  14422*. 

^  Mommsen,  CIL  3.749,  thought  the  name  might  have  been  Antoninus  Rufinus,  whom  he 
identified  with  the  consul  of  that  name  of  a.  131,  and  on  the  basis  of  his  having  held  the 
consulship  thought  that  he  was  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior.  The  more  recently  discovered 
copies  of  tlie  inscription  have  shovni  this  identification  to  be  wrong.  Klebs  accepts  him  as  a 
governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  but  without  discussion. 

^  In  12.113,  referred  to  by  v.  Prem.  p.  189,  the  governor  of  Germania  Superior,  ex 
auctoritate  imp.  Caes.  Vespasiani,  marlts  tlie  boundaries  inter  Viennenses  et  Ceutrones,  neither 
of  which  was  in  his  province. 

^'  Cf.  I'annee  epig.  1894  n.  65  (Henschir-es-Souar)  ex  auct.  imp.  Vespasiani  Aug.  p.  p. 
fines  [provinci]ae  novae  et  veteris  derecti  qua  fossa  afuit  per  Rutiliu[m  GJallicum  cos.  pon[t. 
et]  Sentium  Caecilianum  praetore[m  l]egatos  Aug Here  we  seem  to  have  special  com- 
missioners, an  ex-consul  and  an  ex-praetor,  to  mark  the  boundaries  between  the  old  and  the 
new  province.  That  Gallicus  was  not  the  proconsul  of  Africa  at  this  time  seems  to  be  suffi- 
ciently indicated  by  the  word  legatos. 

49 


These  are  two  of  several  fragments  apparently  of  the  same  in- 
scription. The  restoration  given  is  that  proposed  by  Tocilescu. 
As  Fuficius  Ouintianus  is  otherwise  unknown,  Cagnat  proposes 
with  much  more  probability  the  restoration  Ko[pvovTov].  Fuficius 
Cornutus  is  known  from  dipl.  LIX.  3  p.  1984,  dated  between  138 
and  146"^  by  peculiarities  in  its  formulas.  He  was  at  this  time  gov- 
ernor of  Pannonia.     This  date  agrees  with  that  of  our  inscription."" 

y;^  T.  Pomponius  Proculus  Vitrasius  Pollio  139/151 

6.1540  [T.  Vitrasio f.  Pollioni  cos.  II,  ...  .  Aug]ustorum  comit[i 

M.  Antonini  et  L.  Ver]i  Augg.  expeditio[nis  ....  Germ]anicae,  item  comiti 
[M.  Antonini  et  Comjmodi  Augg.  expedit[ionis  Germanicae  Sar]maticae  bis 
donis  m[ilitaribus  donato  corjonis  muralibu[s  II  vallar.  II  aur.  II]  has[tis 
purls  nil,  vexillis  IIII,  procos.  Asiae,  ....  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Moesiae  Inf.. 

....  leg.  Aug.  leg pontif.,  sjodali  Antonin[iano,  praef.  alimento]rum, 

praetori,  qu[aestori,  Illviro  monetal]i  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  -  -  -  - 

3.14214^  (Tropaeum  Traiani)  I.  O.  M.,  Her.  In.,  Cer.,  Lib.  Patr.,  pro  sal. 
imp.  Caes.  T.  Ael.  Hadr.  Ant.  Aug.  Pi  et  Aur.  Ces.,  libero.  eo.,  T.  Vitrasio 
Pollioni  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  M.  Stabius  M.  f.  fil.  Fab.  Colonus,  d.  Luca,  trib. 
mil.  leg.  XI  CI.  d.  d. 

3.7420  (Almus)  Herculi,  pro  salute  T.  Vitrasi  Pollion.  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
L.   Messius   Primus,    (centurio)    leg.   I   Ital.   fr. 

2.5679  (Leg.  VII  G.  P.  R,  Conventus  Asturum.)  Nymphis.  T.  Pom- 
ponius Proculus  Vitrasius  Pollio  cos.,  pontif.,  pro  cos.  Asiae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
provinciar.  Moesiae  Inf.  et  Hisp.  Citer.,  -  -  -  - 

3.762  (Odessus)  Imp.  Caesare  T.  Aelio  Hadriano  Antonino  Aug.  Pio, 
p.  m.,  p.  p.,  civitas  Odessitanorum  aquam  novo  ductu  adduxit,  curante  T. 
Vitrasio  Pollione,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

'Ayadrji  Tvxvh  AvTOKparopi  Kaiaapi  Ttrwt  AtXi'wi  'Adpidvcoi  '  AvTO)v[€lvui 
Se/SacTwt]  Evce/Se?,  dpxi-epfT  fJ-eyicTTuij  irarpl  Trarpidos,  i]  ir6X[is  Odriafft]Tu>v  Kaivd 
6\kw  to  vSiljp  iffriyayev  ■!rpovoovfji.i\^vov  Tirov  Bi\Tpaaiov  IloXXiwvos,  wpea^evTov 
Kal    avTiarpar  [17701'] . 

IGR  1.663  (Dionysopolis)  'A.  T.  [Owrp] dcrioi'  UoWiuva,  Trpej^evr^v  Kai 
avTicrrpdrriyoi'    Se^acrToO    Kaiaapos,    evepyirrjv    /SouXt?    dijijios    AiovvaoTroXirQv. 

His  full  name  is  given  only  in  2.5679.  He  was  governor  of 
Moesia  Inferior  under  Antoninus  Pius  (3.i42i4\  762),  after  M. 
Aurelius  became  a  Caesar  (3.14214*  and  others).  It  was  probably 
in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  since  he  became  proconsul  of  Asia  in 
152  (Waddington,  Pastes,  no.  142),  consequently  his  consulship 
should  have  fallen  in  the  early  years  of  Antoninus. 

^  IGR,  1.  c,  gives  a.  148,  apparently  overlooking  dipl.  LVII,  3  p.  1928. 
S3  9.6078.91  is  also  of  a  Fuficius  C!omutus. 

50 


74  C.  Prastina  Pacatus  Messalinus  After  147 

15.960  L.  Annio  Largo  C.  Prast.  Pacat.  cos.  -  -  -  - 

9.4957  Dedic.  V  L  (Sic) — Kal.  Mai  L.  Annio  Largo  C.  Prastina  Mcs- 
salino  cos.  -  -  -  - 

3.7529  (Tomi)  Genio  loci.  C.  Prastina  Messalinus,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

Comparison  of  15.960  and  94957  gives  us  the  full  natne 
Tocilescu,  AEM  8  (1884)  PP-  5-6,  editing  this  inscription,  says. 
"Unser  C.  Prastina  Messalinus  ist  nach  der  Buchstabenform  ohne 

Zweifel  der  Statthalter  von  Numidien  aus  dem  Jahre  144-146. 

An  Prastina  Messalinus,  den  Statthalter  von  Moesia  Inferior  unter 
Kaiser  Philip  ist  wegen  der  schonen  Schrift  keineswegs  zu  denken." 
V.  Domaszewski,  CIL,  1.  c.  approves  this  statement.  Prastina  was 
consul  in  147,  hence  his  administration  of  Moesia  Inferior  was 
later  than  147. 


75  lulius  Crassus'"*  138/161 

3.13727  (Razgrad)  [Imp.  Caesari,"'  divji  Hadriani  f.,  divi  [Traiani 
Parthici  nep.,  divi  Nervae  pronepoti,  T.  Ae]l.  Hadriano  Anto[nino  Aug.  Pio 

p]er    lulium    Crass [um,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.   coh ]     fecit,  cui    prae[est 

....  ]anus. 

There  is  no  reasonable  doubt  that  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  stood  in  this 
inscription  as  restored.  The  inscription  belongs  in  the  reign  of 
Antoninus  Pius,  and  perhaps  can  not  be  dated  more  exactly. 


"je  Tib.  Claudius  Saturninus  139/160 

3.7474  (Viniinacium)  I.  O.  M.  pro  salute  imp.  Caes.  T.  Aeli  Hadriani 
Antonini  Aug.  Pii  et  Veri  Caes.  -  -  -  - .  Dedicatum  est  per  Tib.  CI.  Satur- 
ninum  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Tib.  CI.  luliano  leg.  Aug. 

It  is  known  from  dipl.  LXX,  3  p.  1990  that  Tib.  Claudius 
lulianus  was  consul  with  Calpurnius  Agricola  in  some  year  between 
145  and  161.     Our  inscription,  in  which  he  appears  as  leg.  leg.,  is 

Kw  Not  in  Prosopographia. 

10^  Incorrectly  restored  Caesar,  in  CIL. 

51 


therefore  earlier  than  i6i.     Verus  became  Caesar  Jan.  i,  139.     The 
date  of  this  inscription  is,  therefore,  within  the  period  139/160.'°^ 

']']  M.  Pontius  Laelianus  C.  V.     145/147    or  after  149 

3.6182  =  774  (Troesmis)  M.  Pontic  Laeliano  C.  V.,  patri  Pont.  Laeliani, 
leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  ordo  Troesm. 

Dip].  LX,  3  p.  1985  Imp.  Caes.  divi  Hadr.  f.  divi  Traian.  Part.  nep.  divi 
Nerv.  pronepos  T.  Aelius  Hadrianus  Antoninus  Aug.  Pius  pent,  max.,  tr. 
pot.  XI,  imp.  II,  cos.  nil,  p.  p.  equitib.  et  peditib.  qui  militaver.  in  -  -  -  - 
et  sunt  in  Pann.  Super,  sub  Pontic  Laeliano  -  -  -  -  .  A.  d.  VII  Id.  Oct.  C. 
Fabio  Agrippino  M.  Antonio  Zeno  cos.  -  -  -  - 

Cf.  also  the  following:  6.1497  M.  Pontic  M.  f.  Pup.  Laeliano  Larcio 
Sabino  cos.,  pontifici,  sodali  Antoninianc  Veriano,  fetiali,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
prov.  Syriae,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Pannon.  Super.,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  Pannon. 
Infer.,  comiti  divi  Veri  Aug.,  donate  donis  militarib.  belle  Armeniaco  et 
Parthico  ab  imp.  Antonino  Aug.  et  a  dive  Vero  Aug.,  [coron.]  mu[rali  vallari 
clas]sica  aur[ea  .... 

We  have  in  these  inscriptions  two  Laeliani,  father  and  son.  The 
father  was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,"^  and  of  Pannonia  Superior 
in  148-149."'*  The  son's  cnrsus  is  given  in  6.1497.  The  son  was 
consul  in  163,  with  A.  Junius  Pastor™  (Klein), the  father  in  144/147 

^°-  Attempts  to  date  this  and  allied  inscriptions  more  closely  have  been  unsuccessful. 
Borghesi  (Fasti)  thought  158  probable  for  the  date  of  the  consulship  of  lulianus  and  Agricola, 
but  he  has  not  been  followed  in  this  by  later  WTiters.  In  P-W  3  p.  2727  n.  194  v.  Rohden  dates 
our  inscription  not  later  than  146  because  of  form  of  the  expression  "et  Veri  Caesar."  But 
Verus  is  referred  to  by  the  simple  title  of  Caesar  later  than  146,  as  is  shown  not  only  by  the 
exception  which  v.  Rohden  himself  notes  in  P-W  1  p.  2284,  but  also  by  .3.7466,  and  especially  by 
3.8110,  almost  certainly  of  the  year  160  (see  §  35),  where  the  formula  is  identical  with  the  one 
used  in  our  inscription.  I  am  inclined  to  regard  as  correct  the  suggestion  of  Klein  that  the 
Claudius  lulianus  leg.  Aug.  pro  prae.  of  Germania  Inferior  a.  160  (Des.  2907)  is  the  Ti  Claudius 
lulianus  of  our  inscription.  If  this  suggestion  is  correct,  the  limits  of  our  date  are  narrowed 
by  at  least  one  year.    CIL,  1.  c.,  and  P-W  3  p.  2866,  n.  334  give  the  date  139/161. 

103  The  reading  leg(ati)  in  3.6182,  suggested  in  Pros.  P  599,  would  make  the  son  the 
governor  of  Moesia.  It  would  certainly  be  remarkable  for  the  capital  city  of  a  province  to  set 
up  a  tablet  in  honor  of  the  father  of  its  governor,  and  for  no  other  stated  reason  than  that  he 
was  the  father  of  the  governor.  V.  Domaszewski's  suggestion  in  Rh.  Mus.  45  (1890)  p.  206,  n.  2, 
that  the  inscription  was  not  set  up  until  the  son  had  become  a  leading  man  in  the  state  under 
Marcus  acounts  much  better  for  the  mention  of  both  in  the  inscription.     See  note  105  below. 

i<^Dipl.  LX,  3  p.  1985  (a.  148);  dipl.  LXI,  3  p.  1986  (a.  149). 

^"^  Renier,  Comptes  rendus,  1864,  p.  197  f.  doubts  this,  and  identifies  the  Laelianus  of 
6.1497  with  the  governor  of  Moesia  in  3.6182.  (See  note  103  above.)  V.  Domaszewski,  discussing 
this  in  the  article  above  referred  to,  points  out  that  the  year  163  for  his  consulship  agrees 
much  better  with  his  cursus  as  given  in  6.1497.  In  addition  to  the  references  given  in  Klein, 
a.  163,  we  may  note  also  the  following: 

IG  4.1534  -  -  -  -  [rajv  Ai)]7oi^crTWj'.  'TTrdrots  Map)C((j  YiovTii^  Aaj[Xtai'4j,  AiJXcjj 
\o\xviig\  nci(7Topt  Kara,  EmSavpiovSj  [erovs  reffaapaKOffrov]  rijs  deov  'Adpiavov  to  irpGiTov 
els  T-qv  ['EXXdSa  eiriSrip.ias  p.7)vbs\   deKdrov  TpiffKaideKarrj,  -  -  -  -  a  letter  from  the  emperors 

52 


with  Q.  Mustius  Priscus.  His  administration  of  Moesia  may  have 
been  in  145/147,  or  after  149.  The  latter  is  more  probable  as  the 
later  date  is  more  consistent  with  the  setting  up  of  tiic  stone  in  his 
honor  in  163/166,  or  a  short  time  thereafter. 


78  T.  Flavins    Pal.    Longinus  Q.  Marcius  Turbo  155 

3.7449  (Kutlovica)  ....  Longini  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  vexillat.  leg.  XI  CI., 
sub  cura  Fl.  Maximi  (centurionis)  leg.  eiusdem,  Severo  et  Sabiniano  (bene- 
ficiarius)   cos.  Ulpius  cos.  Alexander  -  -  -  - 

3.7542  =  3.767  (Near  Tomi)  T.  Flavio  Longino  Q.  Marcio  Turboni  leg. 
Aug.   pr.  pr.,  Titius  Crispus,  cornicul.   eius. 

IGR  1.622  (Tomi)  T.  A.  "A  jSouXa  Kal  6  dd/xos  raj  deoKTiarov  'Hpa/cXeias 
irelfMCav  rbv  iavrds  vdrpuva  /cat  evepyirav  T.  'i>\.  UaXareLuq.  Aoyytvov  K.  MdpKiou 
Toi^p/SwTO,  viraTou,  irpea-^.  "Le^.  Kal  d[vTiarpdrriyov  i]Trapxelas  Mvffias  ttjs  K[dT(x>, 

The  year  of  his  consulship  is  unknown.  His  full  name  is  given 
by  the  second  and  third  inscriptions  above,  the  tribe  by  the  third. 
The  year  155  is  determined  by  the  consuls  in  the  first  inscription. 


79  L.  lulius  Statilius  Severus""     Soon  after  155,  in  159  ? 

3.12371  (Kutlovica)  Dianae  Reginae  et  ApoUini  pro  salute  L.  Iu[l]i 
Statilii  Severi  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  et  liberorum  eius.  Aelius  Artemidorus, 
(centurio)  leg.  [I]  Ital,,  r. 

The  only  L.  lulius  Severus  known  is  the  consul  of  Dec.  11,  155, 
known  from  the  acta  arv.,  6.2086.I.62.  V.  Domaszewski,  in  a  note 
on  3,12371,  thinks  that  this  governor  is  not  the  same  as  T.  Statilius 
lulius  Severus,  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  in  159.  (See  3. 125 13. 
and  next  governor  below).     Neither  of  the  inscriptions,  however, 

Marcus  and  Verus  to  the  consuls.  The  restorations  in  this  inscription  are  based  on  IG  4.1406, 
showing  Hadrian's  presence  in  Greece  between  December  10,  123  and  December  10,  124  (Sept. 
124,  Weber),  and  are  so  probable  as  to  add  support  to  the  other  evidence  tor  163  as  the  date 

of  the  consulship  of  Laelianus  and  Pastor.    6.24162  D.  M.  Phoebus  -  -  -  -  natus C.  Bellicio 

Torquato  Ti.  Claudio  Attico  Herode  cos.,  defunctus Q.  Mustio  Prisco  M.  Pontio  Laeliano 

cos.  shows  a  Pontius  Laelianus  consul  with  a  different  colleague.  Phoebus  was  born  in  143, 
the  consulship  of  Priscus  and  Laelianus  was  therefore  later  than  that.  Since  the  Laelianus 
who  was  governor  of  Pannonia  Superior  in  148  must  have  been  consul  before  that  time,  it  is 
probable  that  he  was  the  colleague  of  Priscus  and  that  their  consulship  fell  within  the  period 
144/147.  The  tact  that  the  consulship  of  the  father  and  son  are  thus  nearer  together  than 
twenty  years  is  easily  accounted  tor  by  the  fact  that  the  father's  influence  with  the  emperors 
and  the  son's  evident  ability  won  a  rapid  promotion  for  the  younger  man.    Of.  §  90. 

106  Pros.  I  382,  treating  this  man,  has  two  incorrect  references  to  GIL. 

S3 


has  been  read  by  more  than  one  person,  and  it  may  yet  be  found 
that  they  refer  to  the  same  man.  The  dates  of  their  legateship  in 
Moesia  Inferior  come  as  near  to  coinciding  as  do  their  names. 

This  may  be  the  lulius  Severus  of  3.7505.  If  he  was  consul 
Dec.  II,  155,  and  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  in  or  about  159,  he 
may  well  have  been  in  Syria  during  the  Parthian  war  of  Verus."' 


80  T.  Statilius  lulius  Severus  159 

3.12513  (Kassabkioi)  Imp.  Caes.  divi  Hadr.  fil.  Trai.  nep.  T.  Ael.  Hadr. 
Ant.  Aug.  Pius  p.  m.,  tr.  pot.  XXII,  cos.  IIII,  p.  p.,  T.  Statilio  Jul.  Sever., 
leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  m.  p.  XVIIII. 

See  the  preceding  governor.  Tocilescu,  AEM  14  (1891),  p. 
21,  editing  this  inscription  says:  T.  Statilius  Severus,  der  hier  zum 
ersten  Male  als  Statthalter  von  Moesia  Inferior  erscheint,  ist  sicher 
der  Consul  des  Jahres  171  n.  Chr."  The  governor  of  Moesia  must 
have  been  consul  before  159,  the  date  of  this  inscription,  and  the 
consul  of  171  is  nowhere  referred  to  as  cos.  II.  It  seems  therefore 
not  unreasonable  to  doubt  their  identity. 


81  C.  Zeno  * 

A  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius  struck  in  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum  and  bearing  the 
name  of  C.  Zeno  as  governor  of  the  province  led  Liebenam  (Lieb.  p.  281)  to 
regard  him  as  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior.  But  in  the  time  of  Antoninus 
Pius  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum  belonged  to  Thrace,  and  Zeno  was  governor  of 
Thrace  and  not  of  Moesia  Inferior.     See  138. 


82  M.  Servilius    Q.f.    Hor.    Fabianus  Maximus  162 

3.12385  (Gromsin)  I.  O.  M.  pro  salute  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  Antonini 
Aug.  et  imp.  Caes.  L.  Aureli  Veri  Aug.  M.  Servilius  Fabianus  leg.  Aug.  pr. 
pr.  templum  vetustate  corruptum  a  solo  per  reg.   Mont,   restituit. 

3.12514  (Kassabkioi)  Imp.  Caesar  M.  Aurelius  Antoninus  Aug.  pontifex 
maximus,  trib.  potestat.  X[VI],  cos.  Ill,  et  imp.  Caesar  Lu.  Aurelius  Verus 

^"'  Another  lulius  Severus,  with  the  praenomen  Gaius  was  a  consul  ordinarius  of  155.  Of 
him  we  know  nothing  further  and  it  is  suggested  in  3.7505  n.  that  he  may  be  the  lulius 
Severus  of  that  inscription. 

54 


Aug.  trib.  potestat.  II,  cos.  IT,  divi  fill  Pii,  divi  Hadriani  nepotcs,  divi  Nervae 
abnepotes,  M.  Servilius  Fabianus  Maximus  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  m.  p.  XVIIII. 

Fabianus  Maximus  was  governing  Moesia  Inferior  in  162 
(3.12514).  He  was  consul  in  158  (Dipl.  LXVII,  3  p.  1989.).  See 
§  38  for  another  inscription  and  further  discussion  concerning  him. 


83  M.  lallius    M.f.    Volt.    Bassus  Fabius  Valerianus        165 

3.6169  (Troesmis)  Pro  sal.  imp.  x'Vnt.  et  Veri  Aug.,  leg.  V  Mac,  lalli 
Bassi,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  Marti  Veri,  leg.  Aug.,  P.  Ael.  Quintianus,  Magni  fil., 
(centurio)   leg.  V  M. 

12.2718    (Joyeuse,    Gallia    Narb.)     M.    lallio    M.    f.    Volt.    Basso    Fabio 

Valeriano    cos.,  prae[f.      aer leg.   Aug.  pr.  pr.]    provinc.    Pannoniae 

Inferioris,  curatori  oper.  pu[bl.,  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  prov.]  Mysiae  Inferior., 
comiti  Augustorum  Partbicae  ex[peditionis?]. 

6. 1 1 19  b  Locus  adsignatus  ab  lallio  Basso  et  Commodo  Orfitiano  cur. 
oper.  pub!.,  C.  V. ;  cur.  M.  Caecilio  Athenaeo,  M.  Valerio  Midia,  L.  Aelio 
Amphitale;  dedic.  XVIII  k.  Ian.  Augustis  n.  Antonino  III  et  Vero  II  cos. 

Martins  Verus,  mentioned  as  leg.  Aug.  in  3.6169  at  the  time 
when  lallius  Bassus  was  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  was  consul  March  23,  166. 
(Dipl.  LXXIII.  3  p.  1991 ;  Orelli  4038.)  As  he  would  be  leg.  Aug. 
before  being  consul.  3.6169  is  earlier  than  March  23,  166.  6.1119 
b  shows  that  lallius  Bassus  was  curator  operiun  publicorum  Dec. 
14,  161.  12.2718  names  him  as  comes  Augg.  Parthicae  expedi- 
tionis.  Verus  returned  from  this  expedition  in  165,  and  it  is  likely 
that  lallius  Bassus  was  sent  at  that  time  to  be  governor  of  Moesia 
Inferior.  Cf.  Jul.  Cap.  Verus,  7.8  Confecto  sane  bello,  regna  regibus, 
provincias  vero  comitibus  suis  regendas  dedit.  He  may  of  course 
have  been  sent  to  Moesia  earlier  and  probablv  remained  later  than 
165. 


84  Antonius  Hiberus  Before  201 

3.781  (Tyra)  In  a  letter  from  Septimius  and  Caracalla  to 
their  procurator  in  regard  to  the  iinmunity  of  the  Tyrani  are  the 
words, — tamen  quoniam  divi  Antonini  parentis  nostri  litteras,  sed 
et  fratrum  imperatorum  cogitamus,  item  Antonii  Hiberi  grivissimi 

praesidis, .     This  letter  is  embodied  in  a  communication  from 

the  governor  of  the  province  to  the  people  of  Tyra,  under  date  of 

55 


Feb.  17,  201.  Antonfus  Hiberus  was  therefore  earlier  than  that 
date.  The  fact  that  there  is  no  mention  here  of  a  rescript  of  Corn- 
modus  on  the  question  shows  that  the  immunity  of  the  Tyrani  was 
not  in  dispute  during  his  reign.  It  is  not  Hkely  that  the  question 
would  be  brought  before  the  emperor  for  decision  more  than  once 
in  the  same  reign.  It  had  not  therefore  been  decided  by  Septimius 
earlier  than  the  present  instance  in  201.  The  letter  of  the  governor 
Antonius  Hiberus  would  therefore  most  naturally  have  been  written 
in  connection  with  the  case  when  it  was  being  considered  by  Marcus 
Aurelius  or  by  Marcus  and  Verus.  Since  rescripts  both  of  Marcus 
and  of  Marcus  and  Verus  are  mentioned,  the  case  may  have  been 
under  consideration  about  the  time  of  the  death  of  Verus,  and 
Antonius  Hiberus  may  have  been  governing  Moesia  about  169.  He 
may  have  been  the  son  of  the  Antonius  Hiberus  who  was  consul 

in  133- 


85       P.  Vigellius  Raius  Plarius  Saturninus  Atilius  Braduanus 

Caucidius  Tertullus  168/175 

3.6183  =  3-775  (Troesmis)  P.  Vigellio  Raio  Plario  Saturnino  Atilio 
Braduano  Caucidio  Tertullo  leg.  Aug.  ordo  Troesmen.  ex  decreto  suo. 

Acta  Sanct.  Scillit.,"''  init.  Praesente  bis  et  Claudiano  consulibus  XVI 
Kalendas  Augustas,  Kartagine  ....  Saturninus  dixit 

Tertull.  Ad  Scap.  3  Vigellius  Saturninus  qui  primus  hie  gladium  in  nos 
egit  lumina  amisit. 

P.  Vigellius  Saturninus  was  proconsul  of  Africa  July  17,  180. 
We  may  then  with  Dessau"^  place  the  date  of  his  consulship  circa 
a.  167,  If  he  was  leg.  Aug.  leg.  V  Mac.  at  the  time  of  our  inscrip- 
tion the  date  would  then  be  a  short  time  before  167,  if  leg.  Aug.  pr. 
pr.  prov.  Moes.  Inf.  it  would  be  a  little  later  than  167.  Legio  V 
Mac.  was  transferred  from  Moesia  to  Dacia  probably  in  167  or 
168"*  and  was  absent  from  Moesia  in  whole  or  in  major  part  with 
its  legatus  from  162/164  to  166."'  Troesmis  was  at  this  period  the 
residence  of  the  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciae.  In  these  circumstances 
we  should  believe  that  the  subject  of  our  inscription  was  the  gov- 

^"S  From  the  text  given  in  Robinaon,  Texts  and  Studies,  Cambridge,  1893,  vol.  1,  p.  112. 

"'Pros.  V  434. 

"•  Pilow  pp.  77-78,  H.  V.  d.  W.  pp.  37-44,  v.  Dom.  in  Rh.  Mus.  48  (1893)  p.  244. 

"1  H.  V.  d.  W.  pp.  85-86,  Filow  pp.  74-76. 

56 


ernor  of  the  province  rather  than  that  he  was  the  legatus  legionis. 
Inscriptions  in  honor  of  a  legatus  legionis  by  the  ordo  of  the  muni- 
cipium  where  the  legion  had  its  quarters  must  be  very  rare.  In  a 
brief  search  I  found  no  inscriptions  of  any  ordo  civitatis  honoring 
a  legatus  legionis.  Inscriptions  set  up  by  the  ordo  of  the  capital 
city  of  a  province  in  honor  of  the  governor  of  the  province  are 
common.""  It  is  not  inherently  any  more  probable  that,  if  such  an 
inscription  were  set  up,  the  last  and  distinctive  part  of  the  title  leg. 
Aug.  leg.  V  Mac.  would  be  omitted  than  that  the  last  part  of  the 
title  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  should  be  omitted.  It  ought  to  be  even  less 
likely  when  the  leg.  Aug.  leg.  was  quartered  in  the  capital  city  of 
the  province  when  he  would  be  outranked  by  the  consular  leg.  Aug. 
In  such  a  city  any  one  seeing  a  stone  set  up  to  the  leg.  Aug.  would 
think  at  once  of  the  governor  of  the  province.  The  more  probable 
explanation  of  our  inscription  is  that  it  was  set  up  after  the  legion 
had  been  removed,  when  there  was  but  one  leg.  Aug.  left  in 
Troesmis,  the  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciae. 

His    administration    came    after  his    consulship    and    probably 
before  that  of  Pertinax ;  that  is,  within  the  period  168/175. 


86  P.  Helvius  Pertinax  176/178 

See  Moesia  Superior  §  43. 

87  M.  Macrinius  Avitus    M.f.    Claud.    Catonius  Vindex     175/179 
For  reference  and  discussion  see  under  Moesia  Superior  §  44. 


88  M.  Caecilius  Servilianus  * 

A  coin  of  Commodus  struck  in  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum  and  bearing  the  name 
of  M.  Caecilius  Servilianus  as  governor  of  the  province  led  Liebenam  (Lieb. 
p.  283)  to  regard  him  as  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior.  But  in  the  time  of 
Commodus  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum  belonged  to  Thrace,  and  Servilianus  was 
governor  of  Thrace  and  not  of  Moesia  Inferior.     Cf.  138. 

^12  See  3.6177,  6182  for  other  instances  in  Troesmis. 

57 


89  Cosconius  Gentianus  193/197 

Pick  1.544  f-  coins  of  Marcianopolis.  Ai).  K.  A.  SeTr.  Sei/^poj  ne.|  'U.  K. 
VevTidvov  MapKiavoTToXiTiiv. 

Pick  1. 1264  ff.,  coins  of  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum.  Ai).  Kat.  A.  SeTr.  Sei/ijpos 
Ilep.l  'Vtt.  Koctk.  TevTidvov.  NikottoXi.  7rp6s    Icrrp. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins.  Since  no  coins  of 
other  members  of  the  royal  family  are  found  bearing  his  name,  his 
date  probably  lies  between  the  beginning  of  the  reign  a.  193  and  a. 
197,  when  Caracalla  became  Caesar  and  Imperator  Destinatus,  or 
a.  198,  when  Caracalla  became  Augustus  and  Geta  Caesar."^  (See 
Appendix.) 

90  Pollenius'"  Auspex  196/198 

IGR  3.618  -  -  -  -  [IloWrjvla]  v  'Ovuparav^  eKydvrjv  <i>X.  AaTpioviavov  virariKOv, 
wovrLcpLKOS,  {Trdpxov  'PJifiTjs,  /cat  AiiffTriKOS  vTrariKoO  BptTavvias,  Mytrt'as,  Aa/ccas,  ev  X'^P? 
Se/SacTToi;  diKdcravTos,  TvpoeKybvqv  Avctttikos  inrariKov,  dvOvwdrov  A(ppiKr}i,  iirdpxov 
dXetfiivTuv  ATTjrtas  Kal  ^Xafxivias  rpis,  KVLvdeKepivipov,  iv  xd}pa  'Ze^affTuv  diayvSvTOS, 
virariKOV  AeXfiarias,  dvyaripa  Tt/3.  IIo  [XXtjw'oi']  '  Apfxeviov  Uepeypeivov  .... 

Pick    1.543.     ^^-  ^^-  ■'^-  ^f".  ^fvijpos  He.  {  MapKiavoTToXeiTuiv  vir.  AijcnreKos. 

Pick  1. 1252  Av.  Kat.  SeTT.  'Si€vrjpo[s  Hep.]  'VTa.  IIoX.  AijcnriKos  NtKOTroXtrw. 
■n-phs'Iar.     Similar  are  1252-1263. 

From  the  fact  that  no  members  of  the  royal  household  except 
Septimius  appear  on  the  coins  of  Auspex  we  may  conclude  that  his 
administration  came  early  in  the  reign,  probably  between  193  and 
197  or  198.  Coins  of  this  governor  and  the  preceding  are  found, 
of  which  one  side  is  made  from  the  same  die.  This  is  true  both  of 
coins  of  Nicopolis  and  of  Marcianopolis.  From  this  we  may  conclude 
with  Pick,  Num.  Zeitschr.  23  (1891)  p.  36,  that  one  of  these  two 
governors  followed  the  other  immediately.  We  cannot,  however, 
as  he  does  in  Pick  i  pp.  186,  198,  331,  357,  without  giving  any 
reason  for  the  order  in  which  he  there  places  them,  say  which  was 
the  earlier. 

1^*  The  incorrect  interpretation  of  the  abbreviation  of  the  notnen  on  the  coins  by  Mionnet 
accounts  for  the  incorrect  fomi  of  this  name,  C.  CI.  Gentianus,  given  in  Lieb.  p.  286. 

"*  6.32327  twice  and  8.2743  give  this  name  Pollienus,  6.2101,  IGR  3.618  and  556 
give  it  Pollenius.  The  gi'and-daughter's  name  is  given  as  Pollenia.  Pros.  P  410,  gives  this 
governor  the  praenomen  A(ulus).  This  is  apparently  due  to  a  misinterpretation,  or  at  least  to 
an  unsafe  interpretation  of  the  letter  following  vtt  on  the  coins  (Cf.  Picli  1.1252  above),  which 
usually  belongs  to  tlie  abbreviation  for  inraTevovTOS.  Pick  warns  against  tliis  interpretation 
in  Num.  Zeitschr.  23  (1891)  pp.  33  ff.  Cf.  n.  122.  The  son  (or  grandson)  of  this  governor  has 
the  praenomen  Tiberius.     (IGR  3.556.) 

58 


In  the  inscription  of  Pollenia  Honorata  the  senatorial  offices 
held  by  two  Auspexes,  her  grandfather  and  her  great-grandfather. 
are  given,  and  we  get  the  impression  that  none  has  been  intentionally 
omitted.  Her  grandfather  is  said  to  have  governed  Moesia.  This 
is  not  said  of  her  great-grandfather.  The  mention  of  the  quin- 
decemvirate  and  the  plural  of  l€/3aa-T(ov  make  it  practically  certain 
that  the  great-grandfather  is  the  same  as  the  Pollenins  Auspex 
of  6.32327,  a  fragment  relating  to  the  ludi  saeculares  Septimi  of 
a.  204.  If  his  son  was  the  governor  of  Moesia  in  193/198  it  seems 
strange  that  his  grandson,  the  father  of  Honorata,  did  not  attain 
the  consulship  until  244  (See  IGR  3.618,  556;  CIL  6.413;  7.103;'" 
Wilm.  i486.),  thus  throwing  the  consulships  of  father  and  son  fifty 
years  apart.  This  is  however  the  best  solution  of  the  difficulties 
presented  by  our  evidence.  IGR,  1.  c,  and  Stein,  AEM  19  (1896) 
pp.  148-149,  make  the  great-grandfather  the  governor  of  Moesia. 
but  this  seems  very  unlikely  since  this  position  is  not  mentioned 
among  his  honors,  while  his  governorship  of  Delmatia  is  mentioned, 
and  the  governorship  of  Moesia  is  given  among  the  grandfather's 
honors.  That  the  first  of  these  Auspexes  was  of  great  influence 
with  Severus  is  shown  by  his  honors,  by  the  fact  that  in  the  list 
of  the  quindecemvirs  given  in  6.32327  but  one  name  separates  his 
from  that  of  the  emperors,  and  by  his  having  been  able  to  shield 
his  nephew  from  punishment  for  misconduct  in  his  province  (Dio 
76.9.2-3).  It  is  likely,  therefore,  that  his  son  would  attain  the 
consulship  at  the  earliest  legal  age,  and  that  important  commands 
would  follow  quickly.  This  is  especially  likely  since  the  son's  own 
career  shows  him  to  have  been  an  able  man.  He  seems  to  have 
governed  Spain  and  Dacia  before  Moesia,  though  we  need  not 
necessarily  assume  a  chronological  order  in  an  inscription  written 
so  long  after  the  offices  were  held.  His  administration  of  Moesia 
may  have  been  as  late  as  196  or  197.  His  consulship  as  suffectus 
may  then  have  fallen  in  193  or  194.  If  he  was  at  this  time  only  ^2, 
his  son  may  have  been  born  a  few  years  later,  say  200/210.  The 
influence  of  the  family  may  have  declined  after  the  death  of 
Septimius,  its  representative  in  the  third  generation  may  not  have 
been  as  able  or  as  ambitious  as  his  fathers.  We  hear  nothing  of 
him  from  any  source  except  as  governor  of  Lycia  and  consul  in  the 
two  inscriptions  IGR  3.618,  556,  and  he  may  not  have  reached 
the  consulship  before  the  age  of  forty  or  forty-five.     It  therefore 

^'^  The  date  with  this  inscription  is  incorrectly  given  in  CIL  as  a.  22i. 

59 


seems  to  me  that  there  is  not  sufficient  reason  for  assuming,  contrary 
to  the  authority  of  our  inscription,  that  the  great-grandfather  was 
governor  of  Moesia  in  the  early  years  of  Severus.""  But  we  do 
need  to  assume  as  late  a  date  as  possible  for  the  administration  of 
the  younger  Auspex  in  Moesia,  and  it  is  therefore  better  to  place 
him  after  than  before  Gentianus. 


91  lulius  Castus  * 

H.  V.  d.  W.  p.  298  gives  lulius  Castus  as  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  a. 
198-199,  referring  to  L'Annee  fipig.  1902,  n.  116.  This  inscription  is  missing 
from  the  copy  of  L  Annee  Epig.  to  which  I  have  access,  but  its  date  is  there 
given  as  184-185.  C.  Ovinius  Tertullus  is  also  given  by  H.  v.  d.  W.  as 
governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  a.  198-199.  (See  next  governor.)  It  is  well 
known  that  lulius  Castus  was  governor  of  Thrace  under  Commodus.  In 
addition  to  the  coins  quoted  in  Pros.  I  170  and  Kalopothakes,  De  Provincia 
Thracia,  p.  44,  n.  22,  in  support  of  this,  the  inscription  from  Nikopolis  ad 
Istrum  given  in  IGR  1.573,  belonging  to  the  years  184-5,  may  be  quoted 
(Cf.  n.  138).  I  suspect  that  it  is  this  inscription  that  has  misled  van  de 
Weerd  in  assuming  that  this  man  was  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  and 
that  he  has  taken  the  date  198-199  from  L'Annee  fipig.  190^,  n.  115. 


92  C.  Ovinius  Tertullus  198—201 

3.14428  (Lometz)  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimo  Severo  Pio  Pertinaci  Aug. 
Arabico  Adiabenico  Parth.  Max.,  pont.  max.,  trib.  p.  VI,  imp.  XI,  cos.  II, 
p.  p.,  pro  consuli,  dedicante  C.  Ovinio  Tertullo,  leg.  Augg."'  pr.  pr.,  T. 
Aurelius  Aquila,  praef.  Coh.  II  Matt.,  devotus  numini  eius,  de  suo  posuit. 

AEM  10  (1886)  p.  243,  n.  11"*  'Ayadrji  Tux^t.  'lovXiav  Ad/xvav  Beav  Se^. 
IJLr]Tipa    KdcTTpwv,    avTOKparopos    A.     SeTrrt/xtoy     Hievripov     JleprivaKOS     2e;8.,     Ewe^oCj, 

"'  If  Stein  and  IGR  are  correct  in  assuming  that  the  great-grandfather  of  Honorata  was 
the  governor  of  Moesia  in  193/198,  we  should  then  on  the  authority  of  this  inscription  assume 
that  his  son  was  also  governor  of  the  same  province,  probably  under  the  sole  rule  of  Caracalla. 
See  §  102. 

^^'  The  inscription  is  dedicated  to  one  emperor,  but  in  the  title  of  the  governor  the  plural 
of  Augustus  is  used.  The  only  inscription  giving  an  earlier  date  than  this  one  for  Caracalla 
Augustus  is  8.2465.    6.1052  and  11.3876a  are  others  of  the  year  198. 

"8  IGR  1.575  edits  this  inscription  from  Dobrusky,  Materiaux  d'archeologie  en  Bulgarie 
5  (1901),  to  which  I  have  not  access  at  the  time  of  writing  this  note.  It  seems  to  be  from 
the  same  original  as  this  inscription  though  a  slight  variation,  not  affecting  the  sense,  is 
reported  as  to  the  condition  of  the  stone  in  11.  9  and  10.  IGR  1.576  is  from  another  stone 
bearing  the  same  inscription. 

6o 


TlapdiKov,  BpeTavviKoO,^'^^  Apa^iKov,  ' \dial3riviKov,  dpxtep^ws  fjieylffTov,  87]fj.apxiK7Js 
i^ovaias  rb  t^'.  avTOKpdropas  rb  la',  vrrdrov  rb  tj',  narpbs  iraTplbos,  yvvaiKa,  K^ai) 
aiTOKpdropos  Kalffapos  MdpKOV  At'pTjX.  ' AfTuvlvov  2e/3.  K(ai)  [A.  Y.ewTiiJ.iov  Vira 
Kafo-apos]  p.y)Tipa,  inraTevovros  rrji  iirapxelas  V.  'Ooveivbv  TeprvWov,  npeap.  "^efi^. 
dvTiffTp.  7}  lepojTdTT}  /SoyXr;  \'(at)  6  KpdrKjros  drjuos  OuXirlas  NtK0ir6\ews  r^s  Trpds 
'lo'Tpov  dvidTriaev. 

3.7602  (Near  Cernavoda)  Imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimius  Severus  Piu.s  Per- 
tinax  Aug.  Arab.  Adiab.  Parthicus  Max.  pon.  max.,  trib.  pot.  VIII,  imp.  XI, 
p.  p.,  et  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurel.  Antoninus  Aug.,  trib.  pot.  11,'^"  et  P.  Septimius 
Geta  Caes.  Aug.,  restituerunt  per  C.  Ovinium  Tertullum,  leg.  pr.  pr."" 

3.781    (Tyra)    (Cf.  3  pp.   loog,  loio,  1366,  and  3.12509  11.  41  ff.)  : 

ATred6dri  Trpb  cy'  KoKav^Cbv  Maprluv,  ArjveQvos  tj'.  ' Avea-rddT]  fTrl  MovKiavov  Kal  ^a^iavov 
VTrdrcov^ . 

Pick  1272  Av.  K.  A.  SeTT.  Sen^pos  11.  I'Vira. '22  'Qovlvi.  Tepr^Wov,  NtKoiroXcriSj' 
fTT.  "lo-rpoj.     Similar  are  1271-1283. 

Coins  of  NikopoHs  bearing  the  name  of  Tertullus  as  governor 
are  found  with  the  names  and  images  of  Severus  and  Caracalla  as 
Augusti  (Pick  1449),  of  Domna  (Pick  1450-1452),  of  Caracalla 
Augustus  (Pick  1516-1534),  and  of  Caracalla  Augustus  and  Geta 
Caesar  (Pick  1622- 1625). 

3.14428  shows  Tertullus  to  have  been  governor  of  Moesia  by 
July  20,  198.  The  Greek  inscription  quoted  from  AEM  10  (1886) 
is  also  of  a.  198.  3.7602-7604  and  14461  belong  to  200.  3.781  is 
of  date  Feb.  17,  201.  In  3.7540,  of  a.  201,  the  name  of  Tertullus 
is  correctly  restored. 


"^  The  earliest  appearance  of  Britannicus  among  the  titles  of  Seveiiis  is  usually  stated  to 
be  in  209  (Egbert,  Lat.  Inscr.,  p.  136)  or  210  (Cagnat,  Cours  d'epigraphie^,  p.  195).  I  am 
unable  to  account  for  its  use  in  these  inscriptions  (See  n.  118).  It  does  not  seem  possible  to 
assume  that  tliey  were  not  set  up  until  after  that  date. 

^^^  3.7603,  7604,  and  14461  are  similar  to  this  inscription  in  having  VIII  for  the  tribunicial 
number  of  Severus  and  II  for  that  of  Caracalla.  The  former  gives  us  the  date  200,  the  latter 
199  according  to  the  usual  reckoning.  The  date  200  is  probably  correct,  since  the  tribunicial 
numbers  of  Severus  as  the  senior  emperor  were  more  likely  to  be  given  without  mistake. 

Most  inscriptions  that  contain  the  names  of  both  of  these  emperors  show  a  difference  of 
five  in  their  tribunicial  numbers.  In  the  following  however  the  difference  is  six:  3.14201, 
9.2122,  8.2550,  of  the  year  198;  the  four  inscriptions  mentioned  above  of  the  year  200;  3.14485a, 
of  201;  and  8.14395,  of  209.  In  10.7275,  a.  199,  the  difference  is  seven;  in  3.5981  and  4624,  a.  201, 
the  difference  is  eight;  in  8.S469  the  difference  is  nine;  in  3.13800  and  8.6306,  a.  205,  the  differ- 
ence is  four.  This  list  of  exceptions  to  the  rule  of  five  is  probably  incomplete.  It  is  not  the 
result  of  a  special  investigation,  but  contains  only  the  instances  that  have  forced  themselves 
on  my  attention  in  the  course  of  this  investigation. 

^^  3.7604  and  14461  also  are  similar  to  this  one  in  omitting  Aug.  from  the  title  of  Ter- 
tullus. 

^--  This  governor  was  formerly  thought  to  have  the  praenomen  Lucius  through  a  mistake 
in  reading  the  A  of  'VIIA  on  the  coins  as  A  and  connecting  it  with  the  name  of  the  governor. 
Compare  n.  114. 

6i 


93  P-  Antonius  Faustus  * 

Lieb.  p.  286  gives  P.  Antonius  Faustus  as  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior, 
a.  202,  quoting  Orelli  909.  From  Liebenam  H.  v.  d.  Weerd,  p.  298,  transfers 
him  to  his  list  of  the  governors  of  Moesia  Inferior.  But  OrelH  909  is  only 
an  imperfect  copy  of  3.1685  (  See  §  46.)  and  properly  gives  us  the  name  of 
Q.  Anicius  Faustus,  governor  of  Moesia  Superior.     The  date  is  202/210. 


94  L.  Aurelius  Callus  202-205 

Pick   1632  "PovX.  nXavrlWa   SejSacr.   '\]ir.   A.   Avp.   FaXXoi;  'NeiKonoXiTwv  Trpbs   I. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins.  Although  the  number 
of  the  extant  coins  of  Plautilla  is  not  large  they  are  of  at  least  nine 
different  varieties  from  the  mint  at  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum.  As  the 
name  of  Gallus  is  on  all  of  them,  it  is  likely  that  he  was  governor 
during  all  of  the  time  that  Plautilla  was  Augusta.  Coins  in  her 
honor  would  almost  certainly  have  been  struck  immediately  after 
the  marriage,  which  occurred  in  202  (Dio  76.1.).  Callus's  admin- 
istration seems  therefore  to  have  begun  by  this  year.  Dio  76.6.3 
says  that  she  was  banished  after  the  death  of  her  father,  and  the 
account  implies  that  her  banishment  followed  his  death  immediately. 
If  we  can  fix  then  the  date  of  his  death  we  should  think  that  Callus's 
term  in  Moesia  extended  at  least  to  near  that  date,  possibly  of 
course  beyond  it. 

The  Chronicon  Paschale.  p.  496.  ed.  Dindorf,  has  the  entry,, 
'Utt.  TlXavriavov  koX  Vera,  Il\avriavo<;  6  viraro^  ia(f)d>yT]  irpb  ta 
KaXavhpSiv  (^e^pvaptcov.'"'  According  to  this  statement  Plautianus 
was  killed  January  22,  203,  the  year  of  the  consulship  of  Plautianus 
and  the  elder  Geta.  But  Herodian,  speaking  of  Plautianus  just  before 
his  death,  says  (3.1 1.2)  ev  re  tol<;  Sevrepov  virarevaaaiv  ireTaKTo. 
Dio,  76.2.4,  leading  up  to  the  account  of  the  killing  of  Plautianus  says  : 
eTrei    Be    6    a8€X4>o^    avrO)    FeVa?    reXevroiv    iravra    to,    Kara     rbv 

TlXavTtavov iixr^vevaev, oviced^  6110 loi^  irLfirjaev,  aXXa  Kal 

T?}?  8vvdiJL€(o<i  Tri<i  TToXXrj'i  irapeXvaev.  The  last  statement  could 
hardly  have  been  made  if  Plautianus  had  been  consul  as  well  as 
prefect  of  the  pretorium  at  the  time  of  his  death.  Vit.  Sev.  14.10, 
Filios  dein  consules  designavit.     Getam  fratrem  extilit.     This  im- 

^^^  Plautianus  probably  owes  the  distinction  of  a  mention  in  this  Chronicle  to  activity  in 
the  persecution  of  the  Christians. 

62 


plies  that  the  sons  were  designated  consuls  before  the  death  of  Geta 
frater.  They  were  the  consules  ordinarii  of  205,  hence  their  desig- 
nation was  in  204.  The  earliest  date  at  which  it  can  be  said  with 
certainly  that  the  successors  of  Plautianus  in  the  prefectship  of 
the  praetorium  were  in  office  is  May  28,  205.  (6.228.)  The  name 
of  Plautilla  as  the  wife  of  Caracalla  and  an  Augusta  was  inscribed 
in  8.2557,  dated  Aug.  22,  203,  and  in  6.1035,  dated  204.  Consider- 
ing all  the  evidence  then  it  seems  probable  that  the  statement  of  the 
Chronicle  is  incorrect,"'  and  that  Plautianus  was  killed  late  in  204 
or  early  in  205.  (Cf.  Borghesi,  Op.  11  p.  85;  EE  8  p.  295; 
CIL  6.1035,  note.) 


95  C.  lunius  Faustinus Postumianus  C.  V. 

8.597  (Byzacena)  [I]unio'^  Faustino  .  .  a  .  |  .  .  .  do  Postumiano  C.  V. 
.  .  COS.,  adlecto  inter  comites  Augg.  nn.,  sacerdoti  Flaviali  Titiali,  leg.  Augg. 
pr.  pr.  provinciae  Mysiae  Inferioris,  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Belgicae, 
[legato]     Augg.    pr.    pr.     provinciae    Lusetaniae,     [leg.    Aug.    leg]ionis    .    .    . 

Ma e  Victricis  [Piae  F]idelis,  iuridico  per  Aemiliam  et  Etruriani 

et  Tusciam,  praetori  kandi[dato,  leg.  pr]ovinciae dio]eceseos,''" 


It  is  under  Marcus  and  Verus  that  we  first  find  the  comites 
Augusti  constituted  as  a  sort  of  board.  Before  this  time  we  find 
only  occasionally  a  single  official  bearing  the  title  of  comes  Augusti. 
This  quasi-board  disappears  apparently  under  Alexander  Severus. 
(Seeck,  P-W  4  p.  626  fif.)  Within  this  period  the  only  years  when 
there  were  two  Augusti  were  160-169,  198-209,  21 1-2 12.  Our 
governor's  consulship  would  come  between  his  legateships  in  Lusi- 
tania  and  Moesia  since  Lusitania  was  a  praetorian  and  Moesia  a 

'"  The  Chronicle  has  so  many  inaccuracies  in  its  dates  as  to  be  practically  useless  for 
anything  more  than  approximate  dating.  For  example  it  gives  the  date  of  the  death  of  M. 
Aurelius  as  Mar.  25,  178  instead  of  Mar.  17,  180,  that  of  the  death  of  Septimius  Severus  as  212 
instead  of  211,  that  of  the  death  of  Alexander  Severus  as  237  instead  of  235.  The  material  of 
many  of  the  statements  inserted  in  the  Chronicle  is  evidently  derived  from  Epiphanius  Cyprius, 
but  the  chronology  of  the  work  in  general  does  not  agree  closely  with  that  of  Epiphanius  in  his 
Hep!  Mirpwv  koX  Sra^jocwv. 

■'^  8.11763  gives  the  name  in  the  form  C.  lunius  Faustinus  Postumianus. 

'-^  It  is  not  clear  to  me  why  this  word  is  written  dioeceseros  in  the  second  column  of 
8.597,  unless  it  is  merely  a  misprint. 

^"  The  order  of  offices  in  the  cursus  of  this  governor  given  in  Pros.  I  490  would  lead  one 
to  suppose  incorrectly  that  the  legateship  in  Moesia  Inferior  preceded  the  consulship. 

(>3 


consular  province.'"  The  period  of  the  two  Augusti  would  there- 
fore be  too  long  for  211-212.  The  general  style  of  the  inscription 
favors  the  period  198/212  for  his  career. 


96  Flavius  Ulpianus  208/209—210 

Pick  579  All.  K.  A.  'EeTTT.  "Eevijpos  \  'V.  ^\  OvXiriavov  MapKiavo  ttoKitQiv.  Sim- 
ilar are  Pick  578-584  from  Marcianopolis,  and  1332-1339  from  Nicopolis  ad 
Istrnm. 

Pick  595  Ail.  K.  A.  2e7r.  "Levripos  'lovKla  AopLva  2e;8.  |  'V.  ^\  OvKiriavov 
MapKiavoiroXiTibv.     Similar  are  Pick  595-602. 

Pick  622  Av.  K.  M.  Avp.  ' Avruvlvos  |  'V-  'i'X.  OvXiriavov  MapKiavoTroKiruv.  Sim- 
ilar are  Pick  622-626  from  Marcianopolis  and  1564-1585  from  Nicopolis  ad 
Istrum. 

Pick  649  Ail.  K.  M.  Av.  ' Avrwv'ivos,  Av.  K.  11.  S.  T^ras  \  "V-  *\.  OvXiriavov 
MapKiavoTToXLTibv.     Similar  are  Pick  649-652. 

Pick  1660  AiiT.  K.  n.  SeTT.  Teras  Av.  |  'V-  4>X.  OvXTnav.  NiKOTroXtr-  irpos  'I. 
Similar  are  Pick  1660-1678. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins.  The  coins  of  Severus 
and  of  Severus  and  Domna  show  that  he  was  governor  before  the 
death  of  Severus,  Feb.  4,  211  ;  those  of  Geta  Augustus  show  that 
he  was  governor  after  the  beginning  of  209.  As  he  is  the  only 
governor  whose  name  appears  on  coins  of  Geta  Augustus  or  of 
Caracalla  Augustus  with  Geta  Augustus,  he  was  probably  already 
in  the  province  at  the  time  that  Geta  was  made  an  Augustus,  for 
this  event  would  certainly  have  been  celebrated  at  once  by  coins 
bearing  the  face  and  name  of  the  new  Augustus.  See  the  text 
under  the  next  governor,  with  note  129  for  further  discussion. 


97  L.  lulius  Faustinianus  211 — 212 

3.6177  (Troesmis)  L.  Itilio  Faustiniano,  leg.  Aug[gg]  pr.  pr.,  ordo 
municipi  Troesm. 

3.7485  (Axiopolis)  luliae  Domnae  Aug.,  matri  castrorum,  nautae  universi 
Danuvi  ex  r.  p.   [sua]    sub  cura  L.  lul.  Faustiniani,  leg.  Aug.  n.,  n.'" 

Pick  569  Ail.  K.  A.  ZeTTTt.  Sen^pos  11.  |  'V-  !•  ^avcmvdvov  MapKLavoTroXirQv. 
Similar  are  Pick  560-577. 

Pick  610  Ail.  K.  M.  'Avp.  'Ai'Toi^'rvos  |'V.  1.  ^avcrrLvidvov  ^lapKiapoiroXLTdv.  Sim- 
ilar are  Pick  610-613. 

12s  9.729  is  of  the  same  man.  So  6.2003.11.  See  note  to  3.7485,  where  the  reading  Ti. 
of  6.2003  is  corrected  to  L. 

64 


Pick  614  A.VT.  M.  'ApijXt.  'Aj'TWJ'erj'os  |  "V-  I-  ^avcrrLviduov  MapKiavowoXiT iov. 
Similar  are  Pick  614-621.  In  610-613  the  face  of  Caracalla  is  without  beard, 
in  614-621  it  has  a  light  beard. 

The  three  g's  in  3.6277  show  that  Faustinianus  was  in  the  prov- 
ince between  209  and  211  ;  the  one  g  in  3.7485  that  he  continued 
there  until  after  Caracalla  was  sole  ruler  in  212.  We  should  be 
able  to  depend  on  this  evidence  in  this  case,  for  the  inscription  was 
set  up  during  his  administration  and  in  his  own  province,  so  that  if 
there  had  been  more  than  one  Augustus  at  the  time  he  would  surely 
have  been  styled  legatus  Augustorum.  The  only  time  when  he 
could  have  been  a  legatus  of  one  Augustus  was  after  the  death  of 
Geta.     Hence  I  have  placed  him  after  Flavins  Ulpianus."" 


98  Aurelius  Pontianus  * 

This  man  is  given  by  Lieb.,  p.  286,  as  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior 
under  Septimius  Severus,  on  the  evidence  of  coins  described  in  Mionnet 
Suppl.  2.74,  115.  Pick  1.584*  shows  that  these  are  incorrectly  copied,  and 
there  is  thus  no  evidence  that   Pontianus  governed   Moesia   Inferior. 

'^  Pick  p.  18(),  places  Faustinianus  before  Ulpianus.  "Dagegen  kBnnte  allerdings  einge- 
wendet  werden,  dass  Caracalla  auf  den  Jliinzen  des  Faustinianus  in  der  Kegel  alter  aussieht  als 
auf  denjenigen  des  Ulpianus;  auf  der  ersteren  hat  er  nieistens  schon  leichten  Bart,  auf  den 
letzteren  ist  er  unbartig.  -  -  -  -  Aber  es  ware  doch  sehr  aufltallend,  dass  es  mit  dem  Nanieti 
des  letzteren  (sc.  Faustinianus)  gar  keine  Fiinfer  giibe;  dass  solche  mit  Caracalla  und  Geta 
(ehlen,  liesse  sich  zur  Noth  durch  spatere  Einziehung  (nach  Getas  Erniordung)  erkltiren;  aber 
warum  es  keine  mit  Severus  und  Donma  geben,  iiberhaupt  das  wichtigste  Nominal  von  Marcian- 
opolis  nachdem  es  einmal  eingefiihrt  war,  gerade  unter  diesem  Statthalter  nicht  gepragt 
vvorden  sein  sollte,  ware  unverstandlich.  Ich  glaube  daher,  dass  trotz  der  Miinzen  mit  dem 
unbartigen  Gesicht  des  Caracalla,  Ulpianus  der  spatere  Statthalter  ist".  Pick  thus  accounts 
for  the  absence  of  Fiinfers  under  Faustinianus  by  supposing,  against  the  weight  of  other 
evidence,  that  he  was  governor  before  they  began  to  be  coined.  But  the  absence  of  Fiinfers 
is  not  sufficient  to  outweigh  the  evidence  both  of  the  existing  coins  and  of  the  inscriptions 
that  his  administration  was  later  than  that  of  Ulpianus.  Pick  has  sufficiently  accounted  for 
the  absence  of  Fiinfers  of  Caracalla  and  Geta.  If  Faustinianus  had  been  governor  only  during 
the  last  year  of  Geta's  life  such  coins  might  not  have  gone  largely  into  circulation  at  Geta's 
death,  and  it  would  have  been  easy  to  destroy  the  whole  mintage  of  them.  He  may  have  been 
in  office  only  a  month  or  two,  or  even  less  at  the  death  of  Severus,  and  in  that  case  it  would 
not  be  remarkable  if  no  Fiinfers  of  Severus  and  Domna  had  been  struck  in  that  time.  Fiinfers 
had  been  made  for  the  first  time  under  the  preceding  governor,  and  while  they  were  popular 
later,  the  demand  for  them  may  not  have  been  great  at  firet.  Pick,  Num.  Zeitschr.,  23  (1891) 
p.  37,  doubts  the  reading  of  three  g's  in  Auggg.  in  3.6177,  but  it  seems  to  be  well  attested. 
Even  if  this  difficulty  were  disposed  of,  the  one  g  in  Aug.  in  3.7485  would  be  difficult  to 
account  for  on  his  theory.  The  fact  also  that  Caracalla  is  nearly  always  bearded  on  the  coins 
of  Faustinianus,  and  never  is  bearded  on  those  of  Ulpianus  except  on  the  four  Fiinfers  where 
his  younger  brother  is  also  complimented  in  the  same  way,  brings  strong  support  to  the  in- 
scriptional  evidence  for  the  later  date  of  Faustinianus. 

65 


99  Aurelius  Appianus  * 

This  man  is  given  by  Liebenam,  p.  286,  as  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior 
under  Septimius  Severus  on  the  evidence  of  coins  described  in  Mionnet 
Suppl.  2.76  189-131.  These  coins  are  shown  by  Pick  1.600*  ff.  to  have  been 
incorrectly  copied  and  restored,  and  there  is  thus  no  evidence  that  he  gov- 
erned Moesia  Inferior. 


100 


Quintilianus  211/217 


Pick  635  Hioj  Au7.  ' AvTOJvlvos  \  'Vt.  KwriKiavov  MapKiavooMXirwv.  Similar  are 
Pick  635-648.     Some  of  these  read  'Avtuvivos  Uios  Avyoiia-ros. 

Pick  653  'AvTOJvivos  AiryoviTTOs,  'Iot;Xia  AA/uca  ]  'Vtt.  KvvTi\iavov  MapKiavoirvXiTwv. 
Similar  are  Pick  653-695. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins  of  Antoninus  Pius 
Augustus  and  Domna.''"  These  determine  his  date  to  be  between 
201,  when  Caracalla  received  the  title  Pius,  and  217,  when  he  died. 
The  absence  of  coins  of  Severus  and  Geta  make  it  probable  that  the 
date  is  between  212  and  217,  during  the  sole  reign  of  Caracalla. 


loi  Pomponius  Bassus  212/217 

It  is  uncertain  whether  he  was  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  or 
of  Moesia  Superior.     See  §  47. 


102  Pollenius  Auspex  * 

There  is  no  evidence  that  there  vi?as  a  governor  of  this  name  at  this 
period  if  my  interpretation  of  IGR  3.618  is  correct.  See  discussion  under 
Pollenius  Auspex,  §  90  and  n.  116. 

ISO  Liebenam,  p.  292,  gives  L.  Quintilianus  as  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  a.  247/249  from 
two  coins  reported  in  Mionnet,  Suppl.  2.115,  350,  having  on  one  side  the  heads  of  the  elder 
Philip  and  Otaeilia.  Pick  1206**  says  that  the  heads  are  those  of  Caracalla  and  Domna,  and 
refers  them  to  this  governor.    Tlie  L.  is  derived  as  pointed  out  in  n.  122. 

66 


103  ^-  Statius  Longinus  217 

Pick  1764  AiiT.  K.  M.  'OTreX.  Sei/^pos  M.aKp2vos  |  'Vtt.  Srarfov  Aopyivov  NtKOTroX. 
.  .  .  .  7rp6s'Icr.     Similar  are  Pick  1720-1785. 

Pick  1833  K.  M.  'OTreX.  '  Avtwv.  AiaSovfji.evi.di'os  \  "Vjt.  ^rarlov  Aovyivov  Ni/coTroXtTtDj' 
7rp6s  "la-Tp<o.     Similar  are  Pick  1827-1872. 

Among  the  names  of  the  patroni  of  Canusium  of  the  year  223 
(9-338)  M.  Statius  Longinus  (column  i,  Hne  8)  and  M.  Statius 
Longinus,  lun.  (column  i,  line  31)  appear.  The  first  of  these  is 
probably  our  governor,  and  the  praenomen  given  above  is  from  this 
inscription.     For  discussion  of  the  date  see  §  105,  end. 


104  P.  Fu.    Pontianus  End  of  217 

Pick  1680  Ail  K.  'Oirir4\.  I,€vrj.  MaKpTvo^  \  'Yw.  11.  <i>oi'.  Uovriavov  NeiKowoXiruv 
vpbs'la-Tpwv.     Similar  are  Pick  1679-1682. 

Pick  709  AvT.  K.  'OiriWi.  I.ev^.  MaKpeTvoi  |  'Vtt.  Uovriavov  MapKiavoTroXeirCov. 
Similar  are  Pick  708-714. 

Pick  717  Ail.  K.  'Oiri\.  Seu.  MaKpeTvos,  K.  M.  'OiriX-  ' AvruveTvos  K.  |  'Vtt. 
llouTiavov  MapKiavoTToXeiTdv.  Similar  are  Pick  715-784.  Several  of  these  con- 
tain also  some  abbreviation  for  Diadumenos,  the  name  of  the  younger 
Augustus. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins,  the  nomen  and  prae- 
nomen only  from  Pick  1681  and  1682.  See  the  next  governor  for 
discussion  of  the  date. 


105  Marcius  Claudius  Agrippa  218 

Pick  1683  Ail.  K.  'OirirdX.  ^evrj.  MaKpivos  | 'Vtt.  'AypiTnra  ^ikottoXltwv  irpbs'lcrTp. 
Similar  are  Pick  1683-1719.  The  governor's  name  in  1691  is  MdpK.  'Aypiinra, 
in  1709  KXai/.  'Aypiinra. 

Pick  1794  K-  M.  'OiririX.  'Avroivi.  AtaSov/uefidyos  |  "Vw.  '  Ay piwrra  '!>iiKO'iro\iTui' 

Similar  are  Pick  1792-1826. 

Pick  785  ....  'Ott^X 7vos  K.  M.  'OireX.  ' AvTwveivo^  MapKiavo-iro\€iTwi>. 

The  name  Claudius  is  froniKXay.  in  Pick  1709.  Several  other 
coins  have  K.  for  KXauSto?.  At  the  time  of  the  murder  of  Cara- 
calla  Agrippa  was  not  yet  of  consular  rank  and  was  prefect  of  the 
fleet.  (Vit.  Caracallae  6.7.)  He  was  enrolled  among  the  consulares 
by  Macrinus  and  sent  to  govern  Pannonia.  He  was  soon  replaced 
there  and  sent  to  Dacia.  (Dio  78.1 3.1.)  These  coins  show  that 
he  was  sent  to  Moesia  Inferior  before  the  end  of  his  reign.     The 

67 


appointment  to  Moesia  was  not  mentioned  by  Dio  because  the  other 
two  appointments,  both  made  in  the  first  weeks  or  months  of  the 
reign,  were  those  that  aroused  the  censure  of  the  better  element. 
His  administration  in  Moesia  Inferior,  then,  probably  came  in  the 
second  year  of  Macrinus.  Coins  of  Macrinus  from  Moesia  Inferior 
are  numerous,  and  three  governors  of  the  province  are  known  in 
this  short  reign.  Two  coins  made  from  the  same  die,  one  bearing 
the  name  of  Pontianus  and  the  other  that  of  Agrippa,  indicate  that 
one  of  these  was  the  immediate  successor  of  the  other.  (Pick  p. 
432.)  The  reasons  stated  above  for  putting  Agrippa  late  in  the 
reign  make  it  probable  that  he,  and  not  Longinus,  was  the  last  of 
the  three.  If  this  is  true  Longinus  must  have  been  the  first.  The 
probable  reason  for  the  sudden  promotion  of  Agrippa  and  the  fre- 
quent change  of  governors  under  Macrinus  is  that  there  were  not 
many  men  of  the  higher  class  of  the  nobility  on  whose  loyalty  the 
emperors  could  count  with  assurance.  Dessau,  Pros.  M  165,  infers 
that  Agrippa  was  governor  of  Dacia  and  Moesia  Inferior  at  the 
same  time,  but  this  would  be  unusual.  The  appointment  to  Dacia 
in  the  first  place  certainly  did  not  include  Moesia,  since  Moesia  is 
not  mentioned  by  Dio  and  was  a  more  important  command  than 
Dacia. 

106  lulius  Antonius  Seleucus  218/222 

Pick  810  Airr.  K.  M.  khpr).  'AvTuvdvos  A117.  |  "Vtt.  'Ioi/X.  'Apt.  SeXei/KOU, 
MapKiavoiroXiTuiv.     Similar  are  Pick  810-875. 

Pick  935  AiV.  K.  M.  Aiip.  ' AvTOjvecvos  'lovXia  MaTcra  A117.  |  'Vtt.  'IoijX.  ' Avt. 
SeXei^Kov,  MapKiavoiroirXLTCiv.     Similar  are  935-974. 

Pick  979  Avt.  K.  M.  Avp.  ' AvTwvelvos  Airy,  '\ov\ia  Zouai/xt's.  Similar  are  Pick 
979-981. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins  of  Marcianopolis. 
Pick  p.  162,  points  out  that  the  face  of  Elagabalus  is  unbearded  on 
the  coins  of  Seleucus  but  usually  bearded  on  those  of  Titianus,  and 
infers  from  this  that  the  administration  of  Seleucus  is  earlier  than 
that  of  Titianus, 

107  T.  Flavius  Novius  Rufus  218/222 

3.6170  :=  3773  (Troesmis)  Imp.  Caesari  M.  Aurelio  [Antonino]  Pio 
Fel.  Aug.  divi  Severi  [nepoti]  divi  Antonini  [fil.],  dedicante  T.  Fl.  Novio  Rufo 
leg.  Aug.  pr  .pr.,  M.  Ulp.  Antipater  sacerd.  provin.  et  bis  duumviral.,  ob  Hon. 
pontif. 

68 


Pick  1898  AvT.  K.   M.   Aup.  ' AvTuive'ivos  \  'Yir.   No^iov  "Poi50ou  JUikowoXitwp  irpbs 
'larpu).     Similar  are  Pick  1893-2010. 

There  are  no  coins  of  this  reign  from  NicopoHs  ad  Istrum  bear- 
ing the  name  of  any  other  governor  than  Novius  Rufus.  There  is 
nothing  to  determine  with  certainty  whether  he  preceded  or  followed 
either  or  both  Seleucus  and  Titianus. 


108  Sergius  Titianus  218/222 

Pick  876  AiiT.  K.  M.  Avp.  '  Apt  cave  ivos  |  'Vxr.  ^epy.  Tiriavov  M.apKLavoiro\iTC)v. 
Similar  are  Pick  876-902. 

Pick  977  AiiT.  K.  M.  Ai/p.  ^ AvTWveivos.  A117.,  'lovXta  Matcra  'A117.  |  'Vtt.  "Siipy. 
TiTMvoO.  'MapKiavoTToXiruv.     Similar  are  Pick  975-978. 

Pick  p.  262  Fast  auf  alien  gut  erhaltenen  Miinzen  mit  dem 
Namen  dieses  Statthalters  ist  das  Gesicht  des  Kaisers  leicht  bartig; 
Sergius  Titianus  scheint  also  die  provinz  Moesia  inferior  erst  in  der 
letzten  Zeit  des  Elagabalus  verwaltet  zu  haben,  jedenfalls  spater  als 
Antonius  Seleucus,  auf  dessen  Miinzen  der  Kaiser  immer  unbartig 
ist. 


109  lulius  Gaetulicus  222? 

Pick  983  AvT.  K.  M.  Avp.  '^levij.  'AX^^avdpos  \  'Yir.  'Ion.  TerovXiKOV,  ^lapKLaviroXi- 
Twv.     Similar  are  Pick  982-984. 

Pick  1068  AvT.  K.  M.  Ail.  Iievt].  'AXi^avSpos,  'lov.  Map-p-ia  \  'Vw.  'lov.  TerovXiKov, 
MapKMVOiroXiTw  v. 

Pick  p.  281  Von  den  vier  Statthaltern,  die  unter  Alexander  auf 
Miinzen  von  Markianopolis  genannt  sind,  ist  lulius  Gaetulicus  sicher 
der  erste ;  denn  auf  den  Miinzen  mit  seinem  Namen  ist  das  Gesicht 
des  Kaisers  ganz  iugendlich  wie  auf  den  ersten  romischen.  Fiir 
die  drei  anderen  (Tib.  lulius  Festus,  Um.  Tereventinus,  Fir.  Phi- 
lopappus)  ist  die  reihenfolge  nicht  sicher  festzustellen. 

Our  only  inscription  of  a  lulius  Gaetulicus  (8.8421)  throws  no 
light  on  this  question. 

69 


I  lo  Tib.  lulius  Festus  222/235 

Pick  gg6  Aut.  K.  M.  Avp.  'Eevi].  ' AX^^avdpos  |  'Vt.  Tt/3.  'loi/X.  ^t^cttov,  MapKiavo- 
wo\iruv     Similar  are  Pick  995-1022. 

Pick  1051  AiiT.  K.  M.  Avp.  'Zevij.  'AX^^aeSpos,  'lovXia  Maicra  \  'Vtt.  Ti^.  'loi^X. 
^riffTov  MapKiavoTToXiTuiv     Similar  are  Pick  1051-1062. 

Pick  1070  AvT.  K.  M.  Avp.  ^evij.  ' AX^^avdpos,  'lovXla  Ma/j,tj.aM  |  'Vt.  TtjS.  'loi^X. 
^■^arov  MapKiavoiroXiTuiv.     Similar  are  Pick  1070-1075. 

The  coins  of  Maesa  show  that  his  administration  came  early  in 
the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus.  Cf.  Her.  6.1.4  eVi  iroXv  8'  ovrco 
ap')(ri<i  BLOiKovfJi€V'r]<i,  rj  fiev  ^alaa  Trpea^vTt'i  rjhrj   ovaa   aveiraixraro 

Tov  ^lov .     This  may  also  be  inferred  from  dipl.  LXXVI,  3  p. 

1993,  which  shows  him  to  have  been  a  tribunus  militum  in  178,  forty 
years  before  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  Alexander  Severus.  For 
this  reason  I  have  placed  him  earlier  than  Um.  Tereventinus  and 
Fir.  Philopappus. 


111  L.  Annius  L.f.   Quir.  Italicus  Honoratus  224 

3.6154  (Tom!)  L.  Annio  L.  f.  Quir.  Italico  Honorato  cos.,  sodali  Hadri- 
anali,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Moes.  Inf.,  cur.  oper.  pub.,  cur.  Neap,  et  Atell., 
praef.  aer.  milit.,  leg.  leg.  XIII  Gem.,  iurid.  per  Fl.  et  Umbriam,  cur.  viae 
Lavic.  et  Lat.  veter.,  praetori  qui  ius  dixit  inter  civ.  et  civis  et  pereg.,  trib.  p., 
q.  prov.  Achaiae,  sevir.  turmar.  equ.  Illlvir  viar.  curandarum  Fl.  Severianus 
dec.  alae  I  Atectorum  Severianae  candidatus  eius. 

3.7591  (Moesia  Inferior)  -  -  -  -  dedicatum  XII  Kal.  Oct.  luliano  II  et 
Crispino  tos.  per  Annium  Italicum"^  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

The  full  name  is  from  the  first  inscription,  the  second  is  dated 
Sept.  20,  224. 

112  Um.  Tereventinus  222/235 

Pick  1023  AvT.  K.  M.  Avp.  Seu^.  ' A\i^a.v5pos  \  'H7.132  Ouytt.  Tepe^evTivov 
MapKiavoiroXiTuv.     Similar  are  Pick  1023-1039. 

Pick  1063  AiiT.  K.  M.  Avp.  Seu^.  ' AXi^avdpos,  'lovXla  Marua  |  'H7.  Ovp..  Tepe^ev- 
rlvov  MapKiavoTToXLTwv.     Similar  are  Pick  1063-1066. 

Pick  1076  AvT.  K.  M.  Avp.  Seu^.  ' A\4^avdpos,  'lovXla  Manfiaia  \  'H7.  Ov/x.  Tepe- 
^evrlvov  MapKiavoiroXiTuv.     Similar  are  1076-1081. 

^31  An  earlier  incorrect  reading  of  this  inscription  (3.6224,  EE  2.363)  is  responsible  for  the 
form  Annius  Felix  given  Ln  Lieb.  p.  290. 

^^^  'Hy{efU)V€vovTos)  indicates  that  Tereventinus  governed  Moesia  Inferior  before  having 
held  the  consulsliip.    No  other  praetorian  governor  of  the  province  is  known. 

70 


Cf.  Pick's  statement,  quoted  under  109. 

From  the  coins  of  Maesa  we  may  infer  that  his  administration 
fell  in  the  first  half  of  Alexander's  reig^n  (cf.  Herod.  6.1.4,  quoted 
in  §  no),  probably  then  in  222/230.  The  fact  that  her  coins  bear- 
ing the  name  of  this  governor  are  more  numerous  than  those  bearing 
the  name  of  Philopappus  may  indicate  that  his  administration  is  the 
earlier,  though  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  such  an  inference. 


113  Fir. Philopappus  222/235 

Pick  1040  AiiT.  K.  M.  Ai/p.  Seu.  ' AX^^avdpos  \  "Vir.  ^Ip.  ^iKoiraTTirov  MapKiavo- 
iroXirwv.     Similar  are  Pick  1040-1044. 

Pick  1067  Airr.  K.  M.  Avp.  ^evij.  'A\4^av8pos  Kal  'lovXia  Maicra  |  'Vir.  ^ip. 
^iXowdTrirov  MapKiai/OTroKiTuv. 

Pick  1082  AvT.  K.  M.  Avp.  Seic^  'AX^^avdpos,  'lov\ia  Mafuiia  |  "Vtt.  4>ip. 
^iKoirdTTirov  MapKiavoTroXiTuii'.     Similar  are  Pick  1082-1085. 


See  remarks  under  Um.  Tereventinus,  above. 


114  Anicius  Faustus  Paulinas  230 

37473  Imp.  Caes.,  divi  Magni  Antonini  Pii  fil.,  [divi  Severi  Pii  nep.,  M. 
Aur.  Severe  Alexandre  Pio  Felici  Aug.,  pon]tif.  maximo,  t.  [p.]  IX,  cos.  Ill, 
p.  p.  [et  luliae  Mammaeae  matri]  Aug.  n.  et  castrorum  balnea  coh.  II  Fl. 
Britt.  Alexandrianae  a  solo  restitutae  sub  Anicio  Fausto  Paulino  leg.  Aug. 
pr.  pr.  per  Septimium  Agathonicum  praef. 

The  year  is  determined  to  be  230  by  the  number  of  the  tribunicial 
power. 


115  Q.  Decius  Valerianus  234 

3.12519  (Near  Ezibey)  Imp.  Caesar  M.  Aurelius  Severus  Alexander  Pius 
Felix  sanctissimus  Aug.  tribuniciae  potestatis  XIII,  consul  III,  pater  patriae, 
proconsul,  pontes  derutos  et  vias  conlapsas  restituit,  curante  Qointo  Decio 
pr.  pr.  leg.  suo,  m.  p. 

3.13724  (Markova  Kapii)  -  -  -  -  Quintus  Decius,  leg.  ac  pr(aeses)  pro- 
vinciae. 

2.4816  (Tarraconensis)  Imp.  Caes.  C.  lulius  Verus  Maxsiminus  P.  F.  Aug. 
Germ.  Max.  Dae.  Max.  Sar.  Max.  Pont.  Max.  trib.  pot.,  imp.  V,  p.  p.,  cos., 
proc,  et  Gains  lulius  Verus  Maxsumus  nob.  Caes.   Germ.   Max.   Sar.  Max. 

71 


princips  iuventut.    f.   d.   n.   Imp.   C.   luli  Veri   Maximini   p.    f.    Aug-,    curante 
Quinto  Decio  Valeriano  leg.  Augg. . 

3. 1 25 19  shows  him  to  have  been  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  in 
234,  2.4816  shows  him  to  have  been  governor  in  Spain  in  237,  where 
he  still  was  in  the  early  part  of  238.  (2.4756.)  His  cognomen  is 
given  by  2.4816,  and  fragments  of  it  remain  in  2.4831,  4834,  and  it 
is  corrupted  in  2.4828.  It  is  more  often  however  omitted  in  the 
inscriptions  of  Spain  (2.4788,  4826,  4853,  4858.  4870,  4886,  4887) 
as  it  is  in  the  two  from  Moesia.  This  fact  seems  to  make  sure  the 
identification  of  the  two  men.  While  it  is  possible  that  the  later 
emperor,  C.  Messius  Quintus  Traianus  Decius,  is  the  same  man,  the 
fact  that  he  was  proclaimed  by  the  troops  of  Moesia  does  not  com- 
pel us  to  assume  this  when  we  consider  the  circumstances  of  his 
proclamation  as  described  in  Zosimus  1.21  and  Zonaras  12.19.  The 
omission  of  Valerianus  from  the  name  of  the  emperor  seems  opposed 
to  it.  If  they  are  the  same  man  he  was  twice  governor  of  Moesia. 
(See  §  52.) 

116  Flavius  Lucilianus"'  235 

3.14462  (Cogelak)  [Imp.  Caes.  C.  lul.  Verus  Maximinus  Pi] us  Fel. 
Invictus  Aug.  et  C.  lul.  Verus  Maximus  nobilissimus  Caes.  restituerunt  per 
Fl.  Lucilianum  leg.  pr.  pr.,  m.  p.  C. 

3.7605  is  a  duplicate  of  this  inscription.  The  date  certainly  falls 
between  235  and  238.  It  is  probably  235,  for  after  Jan.  i,  236  we 
should  have  had  cos.  and  after  Jan.  16,  236  tr.  pot.  II  among  the 
titles  of  the  emperor. 

117  Domitius  G  .  .  .  /''  236 

3.14429  (Near  Lometz)  Imp.  Caesari  Caio  lulio  Vero  [Maximino]  Aug., 
pontifici  max.,  tribuniciae  potest.,  cos.,  p.  p.,  coh.  I  Cis^adensium,  devota 
numini  maiestatiq.  eius,  d.  p.  quaestur.,  dedicante  Domitio  Goii....in  leg. 
Aug.  pr.  pr. 

There  is  no  further  evidence  concerning  this  man.  This  in- 
scription is  dated  a.  236. 

'^'  9.3608  (Aveia)  Imp.  Severo  Antonino  Aug.  IIII  cos.  T.  Fl.  Lucilianus  eq.  pub.  et  T. 
Avidiaccus  Furianus  eq.  pub.  speleum  Soli  Invicto  consummaver.,  cur.  ag.  P.  Peticen  Prime. 
In  this  inscription  of  a.  213  we  may  have  the  father  of  the  legatus  of  235.  L.  Flavius  Lucili- 
anus, patronus  Ganusii  a.  223  (9.338)  may  be  our  governor. 

134  The  letters  of  the  name  following  Domitio  in  the  inscription  have  perhaps  not  been 
correctly  read. 

^2 


ii8  C.  Pe 238 

3.7606  (Near  Hirschova)  Imp.  Cae[s.]  M.  Antonio  Gord[iano]  Pio 
Fel[ici   in]victo  A[ug.   p.   m.],   trib.   p[ot.   p.   p.],   pr[ocos.,   pontes]    et  vi[a- 

restituit  pe]r  C.   P[e ]   leg.  A[ug.]   pr.   [pr.].      (An  inscription  of  Dioclc' 

tian  was  later  placed  on  the  same  stone.) 

3.7607  (Near  Hirschova)  [Imp.  Caes.  M.  Antonio  Gordiano  Pio  Felici 
Invicto  Aug.  p.  m.,  tri]b.  pot.,  p.  p.,  procos.,  C.  Pe !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !"',  leg. 
Aug.  pr.  pr.,  m.  p. 

Comparison  of  these  two  inscriptions  makes  the  restorations 
fairly  certain.  They  belong  to  the  year  238,  the  first  of  the  reign  of 
Gordianus  III.     See  the  next  governor  also. 

119  Tullius  Menophilus  238/241 

Pick  1087  AvT.  K.  M.  ' AvT.  TopSiavos  Aijy.  \  'Vtt.  Mr]vo(pi\ov  'MapKiavoiroXi.Twv. 
Similar  are  Pick  1087-1097. 

Pick  1121  Al'T.  K.  M.  'AvTibvios  Topdiavbs  Aijy.  \'Yir.  MTjvo(pl\ov  MapKiavoiroXirw., 
with  busts  of  Gordianus  and  Serapis.     Similar  are  Pick  1121-1170. 

Petr.    Patr.,    Exc.   9    (Script.    Hist.    Byz.)  "On  Kaprrot €ireiJ.4/av  wpbs 

TvWiov  Mr]v6(pi\ov  TTpea-^eiav OBtos  5^  5oi>^  '^v  Mvcrtas, Oi  di  fiera 

dyavaKTrjcrewi  dvex^^pvc^f,  '^'''  ''^V''  '''O'J  M7)vo<(>L\ov  apxv"  ^'5  Tp^a  'ir-q  dwaOetaav  ■fjcrvxl'O-i' 
eaxov. 

There  are  no  coins  of  Tranquillina  bearing  the  name  of  this 
governor;  he  seems,  therefore,  to  have  preceded  Tertullianus.  He 
was  governor  three  years,  according  to  Petrus  Patricius.     3.7607 

(see  preceding  governor  for  copy)  proves  C.  Pe a  damnatus, 

to  have  been  governor  in  238.  This  may  have  been  his  last  year, 
however,  and  Pros.  T  281  and  IGR  1.580  may  be  correct  in  assign- 
ing the  administration  of  Menophilus  to  238-241,  though  it  may  have 
been  a  year  later. 

120  Sab(imus?)  Modestus  238/244 

Pick  2040  AvT.  K.  M.  'Ait.  VopSiavbs  Aijy.  \  'Yir.  2aj3.  MoSicTov  NtKoiroXtTyiD 
irpbs'IcrTpov.     Similar  are  Pick  2040-2107. 

Sab(inius?)  Modestus  may  have  been  a  relative  of  Furia  Sabinia 
Tranquillina,  whom  Gordian  married  in  241,  and  may  have  owed  his 
appointment  to  her.  If  this  is  so  he  probably  succeeded  Menophilus 
in  241  or  242,  and  preceded  Tertullianus. 

^^  The  fact  that  he  was  a  damnatiis,  and  that  we  have  no  evidence  that  Tullius  Menophilus 
was  such,  makes  it  probable  that  IGR  1.580,  an  inscription  of  the  time  of  Gordianus,  belongs 
to  him  rather  than  to  Menophilus.  The  inscription  adds  nothing  however  that  can  serve  our 
purpose  here. 

73 


121  P.  Rosius  (or  Prosius)  Tertullianus  241/244 

AEM  17  (1894)  =  IGR  1. 581  (Nicopolis  ad  Istrurti)  Avt.  [KatVopa] 
M.  ['AvTujv.  T]opdi[a]i'[6v  Kal  I,a]^ivi[ap  T]pav-/K[v\\eiva]v  2  [e/3.  Avy]ov(rTav 
[rj]  ^ov[Xr]  Kal]  6  leptliTaTos  [d^fws  N«K]o7roXeiTW»'  [Oi/XTTias  NeiKOTr] 6Xews  [dvi(rTTi<7a\v 
evTvxCos  [i']7raTei;o[j'T]os  ITROSIOV  Tepr  [vX]  XiawD,  7rpe[(r]/3.    [ai']TL(TT[paTTiyov]. 

Pick  1098  Avt.  K.  M.  'Avt.  Topdiavos  Aijy.  \  'Vtt.  TepTvWiavov  MapKiavoiroXirw. 
buovoia.     Similar  are  Pick  1098-1100. 

Pick  1 172  Avt.  K.  M.  'Ayr.  Topdiavbs  A£;7.  2^.,  TpavKvWeTva  \  'Vtt.  TepTvWiapov 
MapKiavoiro\iTu)v.     Similar  are  Pick  1172-1192. 

The  name  may  be  P.  Rosius  or  Prosius.  Both  Rosius  and  Prosius 
are  found  elsewhere  as  nomina,  but  only  the  former  among  names 
of  the  nobility,  so  far  as  I  know/'"  His  coins  that  bear  the  name  of 
Tranquillina  show  that  he  was  governor  under  Gordian  after  241. 
His  term  was  probably  at  the  close  of  Gordian's  reign. 


122  Severianus  244 

See  §  50  for  text  and  discussion. 


123  L.  Quintilianus  * 

From  an  incorrect  description  of  two  coins  of  Marcianopolis  in  Mionnet, 
L.  (CI.)  Quintilianus  has  been  given  by  some  as  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior 
a.  247/249.     See  n.  130. 


124  Prastina  Messalinus  244/249 

Pick  1 194  Avt.  M.  'Iov\.  ^IXiiriros  Aijy.,  M.  ' WTaK.  Se^apa  Se.  |  "Vtt.  UpdaT. 
MeffffoXeLvov  MapaawTroXeiTtDv.     Similar  are  Pick  1194-1206. 

Pick  1207  M.  'Ioi;Xto5  'i>^Xt7r7ros  KaTaap.  |  "Vtt.  MeffffaXeivov  MapKiavoTroXiTQv. 
Similar  are  Pick  1207-1209. 

This  governor  is  known  only  from  coins.  He  came  later  in  the 
reign  of  Philip  than  Severianus  (see  §  122)  and  earlier  than 
Marinus  (see  following).  There  is  no  evidence  that  his  command 
extended  over  Moesia  Superior,  but  it  seems  probable  on  general 
grounds  that  it  did. 

^38  The  inscription  seems  to  have  escaped  the  notice  of  Dessau  in  Pros.  T  89,  and  of 
van  de  Weerd,  in  H.  v.  d.  W.  p.  299,  where  this  governor  is  given  without  his  nomen.  Ct. 
Pros.  V  572.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  same  man  is  referred  to  in  the  inscription  and  the 
coins. 

74 


125  Ti*  Claudius  Marinus  Pacatianus  248 

For  texts  and  discussion  see  §  51. 

126  C.  Messius  Quintus  Traianus  Decius  249 

For  texts  and  discussion  see  §  52. 

127  P Post 249/250 

3.12515     (Kasabkioi)     Imp.    Caes.     [Gaio]     Messio     [Quin]to    Tra[iano] 

Decci[o  P.  F.  Aug.]     G  re[stituit]  FP  per  P O  C 

Post  ....  O  leg.  Au[g.  pr.  pr.]  R 

The  italicized  letters  appear  to  belong  to  an  older  inscription  on 
the  same  stone.  Trebonianus  Gallus  (see  next  governor)  was  gov- 
ernor at  the  close  of  the  reign  of  Decius ;  this  governor's  term,  there- 
fore, ended  by  the  close  of  250  at  least. 

128  C.  Vibius  Trebonianus  Gallus  251 

Jordanes  Get.  18  The  Goths  attack  Novae  and  are  repulsed  "a  Gallo 
duce."  Also  from  Thrace  the  Emperor  Decius  fled  into  Moesia  "ubi  tunc 
Gallus  dux  limitis  cum  plurima  manu  bellantium  morabatur."  (19)  "Defuncto 
tunc  Decio  Gallus  et  Volusianus  regno  potiti  sunt  Romanorum." 

Zos.  1.23  TdWov  8t]  iwKTT-fiffa's  ttj  tov  Tavaidos  6xdjl  /J-era  Swd/ieus  apKO^cr-ris  avrbs 
ToTs  XeiwofJiivois  ^■jrj/et. 

Zon.  12.20  TdWov  'iva  tQiv  rrj's  <TvyK\-f)TOV . 

Jordanes  differs  materially  from  Zosinus  and  Zonaras  in  many 
details  of  this  campaign,"'  but  all  agree  that  Gallus  was  the  leading 
general  assisting  Decius,  and  Jordanes  is  doubtless  correct  in  con- 
necting him  with  Moesia  Inferior.  The  title  dux  limitis  is  an 
anachronism.  Cf.  §§  53,  54.  It  is  probable  that  the  troops  of  both 
Moesias  were  under  his  command.  He  became  emperor  in  the 
autumn  of  251.  He  was  therefore  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior  in 
that  year.  The  full  form  of  the  name  is  known  from  many  inscrip- 
tions set  up  while  he  was  Emperor. 

^^'  In  these  details  however  he  agrees  with  SjTicelhis,  who  quotes  Dixippiis,  an  excellent 
source  for  this  period  and  locality.  Di.xippus  seems  therefore  to  be  the  ultimate  source  of 
Jordanes  in  making  Gallus  commander  of  the  Moesian  forces. 

75 


129 


M.  Aemilius  Aemilianus  253 


Eutrop.  9.5  Sub  his  (sc.  Gallus  and  Volusianus)  Aemilianus  in  Moesia 
res  novas  molitus  est. 

Jordanes  Get.  19  Tunc  et  Aemilianus  quidam tyrannidem  in  Moesia 

arripuit.Cf.  Romana  285 Aemilianum,  qui  in  Moesia  res  novas  molieba- 

tur, . 

Zon.  12.21  Ai/uXLavbs  64  rts  Ai^vs  avf}p,  &px(^v  tov  ev  Mvcriq.  arparevixaros, . 

Zos.  128  Kifu\Lavbs  IlatowKuJJ'  ijyovfj.evos  rd^eiov  -  -  -  -. 

3.8270  (Kacanik)  Imp.  Ca[esar]i  M.  [Aemil.]  Aemiliano  P.  F.  [Invic]to 
Aug.  pontif[ici]    maximo  trib[unicia]    pot.  p.  p.  cos.  procos.,   ab  Vi[m.]    m. 

p.  cc. 

The  reign  of  Aemilianus  began  in  253,  so  that  he  was  governor 
of  Moesia  in  that  year.  He  may  have  been  there  throughout  the 
short  reign  of  Galhis  and  Volusianus.  Zosimus  is  either  mistaken 
in  giving  him  Pannonia  instead  of  Moesia,  or  his  command  covered 
both  the  Moesias  and  the  Pannonias.  It  is  at  least  probable  that  it 
extended  to  both  Moesias.  The  inscription  was  found  in  Moesia 
Superior. 

130  Regalianus  258/268 

For  texts  and  discussion  see  §  54. 

131  M.  Aurelius  Claudius  * 

See  §  53  for  text  and  discussion. 

132  Aur 270/275 

IGR  1. 591  (near  Nicopolis  ad  Istrum)  'Ayaeiji  Tvxvi-,  tov  yijs  Kal  eaXdaarjs 
Kal  Trdo-ijs  otKOV/uevijs  6e<nrbT-qv  {Avr.  KatV.]  Avpy)\iavbv  [Eiice^^  Eurvx]^  Se^.  i) 
KpaTi\aT7i  jSovXtj  Koib  lepdiraroi  Srjfxos  ttJs  NeiA:o7r]o[Xei]Tw[i'  irbXeus,  vir]a[Te]voi>[T]o[s 

Trjs]  iiralpxeias]  ro[v]  8ia[(rr]ij.]oTdTOV  Avp evTVxC!)^  ^v  e/^ [tt] opic^;  [N]€i(co(7ro\etTu;j/) 

Aoi/poT^Xts. 

The  inscription  is  from  Gastilica  on  the  lantras  river  near 
Nicopolis.  The  restoration  vTrarevovro'i  is  certain,  Ataarj fioTarov 
is  not  used  in  its  later  technical  sense.  Aur  ....  was  clearly  a  gov- 
ernor of  Moesia  Inferior  under  Aurelian.  The  omission  of  the  titles 
Medicus  Maximus  and  Gothicus  Maximus  seems  to  indicate  a  date 
at  the  very  beginning  of  the  reign, 

76 


133  Claudius  Annius  Natalianus 

IGR  1.582  (Nicopolis  ad  Istrum)  rbv  -y^s  Kal  $a\d(ra-r]s  Secrir&rrjv  .... 
Ei't(i'xi7)  2;e(3(  atrroi')  [r]e[T]tKdi'  ?  Miyiffrov  ]\ap6iK6v  yi^yiarov  7}  KparlaTt)  ^ovXr]  Kai 
6  iepiiraToi  drjfjLos  ttjs  NeiKOwoXeiTdv  wpbs  I crrpo f  7r6Xf cos  av^cTTTjcrav  evrvx^s,  VTraT€v(ovroi) 
KX.  'A»'(i'/ou)  N  [ot]  aXia^'ou  Trpe<rl3(evTov)  S€/3j3.  a.vTt.<TTp[aT7]yov),  iirLtieKovpiivov 
AcrKXriTTiodupov     A<TK\r]in,d5ov    apxi^fpcLTiKov. 

The  name  of  the  emperor  has  been  erased.  It  seems  to  have 
been  Aurehan.  Probus  also  has  been  proposed.  If  AiireHan  is 
correct  the  date  is  2y2/2yc^.''^ 

134  Vittennius  luvenis  Third  century 

IGR  1.593    (Polikraste,   near  Tirnovo)  .  .  .  .  M iir [i]  (paviffrarov  Kai 

Ev<T.  SejS.,  VTrare^ovTos  iirapxl^as  OviTTevvlov  'lov^evlov  a.vT[i](TTp.,  iirifj.eXov/xdt'ov 'lovXlov 
EvTVxovs  apxi-fpo-TiKOVj  iK  tS)v  Idluiv  dv^crrjffe  virip  (piXoTifiias. 

The  identification  with  A.  OuerTio?  'lov^evf  (Pros.  V  516  and 
Homolle  in  Dumont-Homolle,  Mel.  d'archeol.  et  d'epigr.,  p.  365),  a 
governor  of  Thrace,  is  not  satisfactory  to  the  editors  of  IGR,  1.  c. 
This  stone,  found  in  Moesia,  is  supposed  by  Dessau  and  Homolle  to 
have  been  brought  from  Thrace.  The  word  v7raT€vovTo<i,  properly 
used  of  a  governor  of  consular  rank,  instead  of  r)yefiovevovTo<;^  regu- 
larly used  of  governors  of  praetorian  rank,  indicates  that  we  have 
here  a  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior,  not  of  Thrace.  This  inscrip- 
tion seems  to  belong  to  the  time  of  some  emperor  of  the  third  cen- 
tury of  proscribed  memory.     I  see  no  way  to  date  it  more  closely. 

135  Calpurnius  Julianus  V.  C. 

For  text  and  discussion  see  §  57. 

136  Incerti 

3.6222,  3.7516,  3.12457  are  each  fragmentary  inscriptions  of 
governors  of  Moesia  Inferior.  In  3.6175  the  first  letter  of  the  nomen 
of  the  governor  seems  to  have  been  F ;  there  is  no  indication  of  the 

13S  Pros,  c  629  states  that  Natalianus  was  governor  of  Thrace,  referring  to  this  inscription. 
But  Nicopolis  was  transferred  from  Thrace  to  Moesia  Inferior  under  Septimius  Severus.  The 
word  virareiJOVTOs  used  here  also  points  to  a  consular  governor,  and  therefore  to  the  consular 
province  of  Moesia  Inferior,  since  Thrace  was  governed  by  ex-praetors. 

77 


date.  3.14460  is  an  inscription  of  the  time  of  iVurelian  from  which 
the  governor's  name  has  been  erased.  3.14430  is  a  similar  inscrip- 
tion of  the  time  of  Gordian.     Cf.  §  ^^. 

137  L.  Ovinius   L.f.    Quir.   Rusticus  Cornelianus  * 

2.4126  (Tarraco)  L.  Ovinio  L.  f.  |  Quir.  Rustico  |  Corneliano  1  cos.  desig., 
praet.,  |  inter  tribunicios  |  adlecto,  |  curat,  viae  Flamin.,  |  leg.  leg.  Mys.  In- 
ferior., I  curat,  viae  Tiburtin.,  |  curat,  r.  p.  Riciniens.,  |  Rufria  Ovinia  |  Corne- 
liana  fil.,  |  patri  pientissimo.  | 

The  reading  "leg.  leg.  Mys.  Inferior"  is  certain,  but  so  far  as  I  can  see  is 
inexplicable  as  it  stands.  Mommsen's  note  is,  "Est  legatus  legionis  Mysiae 
Inferioris,  ut  CIL  3.1701  videtur  nominari  legio  Viminaciensis,  ut  certe  legio 
Mesiaca  invenitur  in  titulo  urbano  Annal.  1864  p.  18;  nisi  erravit  quadratarius 
et  pro  leg.  Aug.  dedit  leg.  leg."  This  leaves  us  almost  no  nearer  to  its  mean- 
ing. Since  Cornelianus  died  before  reaching  the  consulship  he  could  not 
have  been  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore  Moesiae  Inferioris. 

The  most  probable  explanation  that  occurs  to  me  is  that  the  stonecutter 
deliberately  changed  the  copy  given  him.  He  has  evidently  tried  to  give  each 
office  in  one  line.  In  the  fifth  where  he  could  not  cut  'inter  tribunicios 
adlecto',  and  where  each  word  was  necessary,  he  gave  the  entire  sixth  line  to 
the  word  adlecto.  In  the  eighth  line  his  copy  may  have  been  'leg.  leg.  XI  CI. 
(or  I  Ital.  or  V.  Mac.)  in  Mys.  Inferior.'  {VII  CI.  as  given  by  Gruter  'ex 
interpolatione'  is  not  good,  since  that  legion  was  not  stationed  in  Moesia 
Inferior.)  He  chose  the  first  two  words  and  the  last  two  as  filling  his  line 
and  as  to  him  sufficiently  describing  the  office.  The  offices  are  given  in  two 
divisions,  the  constants  of  the  cursus  together  and  the  remaining  offices  to- 
gether, those  in  each  division  being  in  inverse  order.  Those  of  the  second 
division  are  all  of  praetorian  rank,  so  that  his  designation  to  the  consulship 
came  while  he  was  curator  of  the  Flaminian  road.  This  curatorship  immedi- 
ately precedes  the  consulship  in  6.1529  (an  inscription  of  the  year  221,  wrongly 
referred  by  Korneman,  P-W  4  p.  1783,  to  the  reign  of  Macrinus,  and  wrongly 
restored,  Valerius  instead  of  Vettius  in  CIL.  See  Bonn.  Jahrb.  55  and  56 
(1879)  p.  219;  LeBas  et  Waddington,  Voyage,  3- 1839;  EE  i  p.  136,  n.  4)  and 
immediately  follows  the  legateship  of  a  legion  in  6.1333,  2.4510,  14.2933.  The 
cursus  of  the  last  inscription  is  much  like  that  in  ours,  [cur.  viarum]  Flamin. 
et    Ti[burtinae]    utriusque,    l[egato    legionum]    -    -    -    -    et    XV    Apollinaris, 

pr., ,  in  which  the  curatorship  of  the  via  Tiburtina  probably  preceded 

the  legateship  of  the  legion. 

Our  inscription  seems  to  belong  about  the  middle  of  the  second  century. 


138  T.  Suellius  Marcianus  * 

IGR  1.584  (Nicopolis  ad  Istrum)  'AyaOrji  Tiixv-  •  •  .  •  ivarpos  varpldos 
dvdvwdTov,  [rj-yeixovevovTOi  r^s]  iirapxdas  T.  SoiieX\[toi;  ^lapKiavov  irpe<7^€VT0ii  Se/Sacr- 
Tou  dvTLiXTpa.T-fiyov\. 

78 


Cat.  Brit.  Mus.,  Thrace,  p.  163,  n.  17,  a  coin  of  Philippopolis  of  the  time 
of  Commodus  has  on  the  reverse,  177-  Soi^A.  MapKiavov. 

The  note  in  IGR,  1.  c,  is,  T.  SueUius  Marcianus  Moesiae  Inferiori  praefuit 
Commodo  imperante.  The  coin  quoted  above  shows  that  he  was  governor  of 
Thrace  under  Commodus.  The  coins  of  Nicopohs  ad  Istrum  under  Antoninus 
Pius  and  Commodus — there  are  none  under  M.  AureHus — use  the  word 
riyefwveJiju  to  describe  the  rule  of  the  governor,  those  of  Septimius  Severus 
and  later,  virarevw.  The  former  is  the  word  used  of  a  praetorian  legate,  the 
latter  of  a  consular  legate.  Pick  i  pp.  67,  330  rightly  concludes  from  this  that 
Nicopolis  belonged  to  Thrace  until  the  time  of  Commodus  and  to  Moesia 
Inferior  from  the  reign  of  Septimius  on.  The  coin  of  Commodus  from 
Philippopolis  taken  in  connection  with  our  inscription  from  Nicopolis  naming 
the  same  man  as  governor  supports  this  view  for  the  time  of  Commodus. 
There  is  therefore  no  reason  to  conclude  with  IGR  for  this  inscription  that 
Marcianus  was  ever  governor  of  Moesia  Inferior. 

We  may  note  also  in  regard  to  Marcianus  that  6.30967,  by  correcting  the 
reading  of  6.3702,  shows  him  to  have  been  curator  aedium  sacrarum  et  operum 
locorumque  publicorum  in  192  instead  of  175  as  given  in  P-W  4  p.  1789. 


139  M.  Salonius  Longinius  Marcellus  C.  V.* 

9.2592  (Terventum)  M.  Salonio  Longino  Marcellus  C.  V.  quest,  cand., 
leg.  pro.  Afr.,  trib.  pie.,  leg.  pro  pret.  prov.  Moestae,  pr.  pe.  aer.  Sat.,  Tertuen- 
tinates  patrono  pimo  d.  d. 

Litteris  pravis,  is  Mommsen's  note  in  CIL.  It  seems  probable  that 
Moesiae  is  meant  by  Moestae.  It  should  be  noted  however  that  the  subject 
of  this  inscription  is  not  said  to  have  been  leg.  Aug.  pro  pret.  prov.  Moestae. 
He  is  given  as  a  governor  of  the  undivided  province  by  Liebenam,  who,  how- 
ever, dates  the  inscription  in  the  third  century.  In  CIL  9,  index,  p.  763,  he 
is  given  among  the  legati  Augusti  pro  praetore  provinciae.  Henzen  5172 
explains,  "sc.  legatus  legati  consularis  Moesiae."  He  held  the  office,  whatever 
it  was,  just  before  his  praetorship.  This  makes  the  assumption  that  he  was 
governor  of  undivided  Moesia  or  of  either  Moesia  quite  untenable,  for  these 
governors  were  ex-consuls.  We  have  not,  then,  here  merely  the  omission  of 
Aug.  from  the  title  of  a  regular  consular  governor,  as  in  3.2830  and  9.2454, 
2455,  and  as  is  frequent  on  milestones,  e.  g.  3.7602,  7604.  There  seem  to  be 
no  parallels  to  Henzen's  legatus  pro  praetore  legati  consularis  of  an  imperial 
province.  The  only  one  that  he  cites,  Henz.  5449,  an  ex-praetor,  styled  simply 
legatus  Citerioris  Hispaniae,  is  rightly  explained  in  Des.  1021  n.  i,  as  a  legatus 
iuridicus.  No  legati  iuridici  are  known  for  Moesia.  Legati  pro  praetore 
provinciae,  as  officers  subordinate  to  the  governor,  are  common  enough  in 
senatorial  provinces,  and  often  they  have  not  yet  reached  the  praetorship,  but 
I  cannot  explain  the  presence  of  such  an  officer  in  an  imperial  province.^*^ 

^5'  The  peculiar  administrative  situation  in  Moesia  existing  from  a.  15  to  a.  44  (see  §§  5, 
9  ff),  giving  us  several  subordinate  legati  of  praetorian  rank,  the  last  of  whom  is  styled 
legatus  Claudii  pro  praetore  provinciae  Moesiae  et  legionum  quartae  Scythicae  et  quintae 
Macedonicae,  ended  in  44.  This  inscription  is  shown  by  C.  V.  to  be  of  the  second  century  or 
later. 

79 


Nothing  else  in  the  cursus  given  in  our  inscription  gives  any  ground  for 
assuming  that  it  is  not  strictly  chronological,  and  our  Marcellus  had  not 
reached  the  consulship  at  the  time  the  inscription  was  set  up.  In  the 
rank  of  quaestor  he  was  leg.  prov.  Africae  of  the  diocese  of  Hippo  (9.1592) 
or  of  Carthage  (2.1262,  14.3599,  2942,  cf.  5.4347).  Such  quaestorii  legati  are 
also  known  from  Asia  (14.3609,  10.3724,  3.6814,  5.4327).  The  praefecti  aerari 
Saturni  were  chosen  from  the  ex-praetors  at  this  period.  The  only  conclusion 
then  that  I  can  reach  is  that  among  the  many  mistakes  in  this  wretched  in- 
scription one  is  that  the  "Tertunentinates"  have  not  made  it  clear  in  what 
capacity  this  man  served  his  country  in  "Moesta." 


140      A.  lulius  Pompilius    A.fil.    Cornelia    Piso  T.  Vibius 

Laevillus  Berenicianus  * 

8.2582  (Lambaesis)  [A.]  lulius  Pompilius  A.  fil.  Cornelia  Piso  T. 
Vib[ius  ....  Laevillus]    Berenicianus    Xvir    stlitibus    iudicandis,    tri[bunus 

militum    leg ],  item    XV    Apollinaris,    quaestor    urb.,    adlec[tus    inter 

tribunicios,  praetor]  candidatus  Augustorum,  legatus  leg.  XIII  [Geminae, 
item  IIII  Flaviae],  praepositus  legionibus  I  Italicae  et  III  [I  Flaviae  cum 
omnibus  copiis]  auxiliorum  dato  iure  gladi,  leg.  August[orum  pro.  praetore 
leg.  Ill  Aug.],  consul  desig[natus]. 

8.2745   (Lambaesis)    [Laevillo  Berenici]ano   [Xviro  stlit.  iud.],  trib.  m[il. 

leg ],    item    XV    A[poll.,  quaest.    u]rb.,    alle[cto    inter    tri]bunicios, 

[praetori]  Candida  [to  Augustor.],  leg.  leg.  XII  [I  Gem.,  item  IIII  Fl., 
prae[posito  Ie]gionib[us  I  Italicae  et  IIII  Fl.  cum  [auxiliis]. 

8.2547  (Castra  Lambaesitana)  [Imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug. 
Germ.  Sarm.  pont.  max.  trib.  p]ot.  XXX""  imp.  VI [II  cos.  I] II  p.  p.  fortis- 
simo [libe]ralissimoq.  [prin]cipi  dedicante  [A.  I]ulio  Pisone  [le]g.  Aug.  pro 
pr.  veteran!  leg.  Ill  Aug.  [qui]  militare  coeperun.  [Glab]rione  et  Homullo 
[et  Praesente  et  Rufino  cos.]. 

The  name  Laevillus  is  from  8.2488.  The  inscriptions  quoted  above  make 
the  restorations  in  the  cursus  certain.  The  restorations  at  the  end  of  8.2547 
are  vouched  for  by  8.2744,  where  the  names  of  the  consuls  remain  on  the 
stone. 

At  some  time  during  the  first  Marcomannic  war  (a.  167-173)  legio  I 
Italica  of  Moesia   Inferior  and  legio  IIII   Flavia  of  Moesia   Superior  were 

'^  Beuch.  p.  84  n.  3  seems  to  be  at  fault  in  assuming  that  since  Marcus's  trib.  pot.  XV 
extended  into  a.  161  his  trib.  pot.  XXX  extended  into  177,  and  we  must  with  Wilmanns  and 
Dessau  assign  8.2547  to  a.  176.  This  shows  that  discharge  was  granted  to  certain  soldiers  of 
leg.  Ill  Augusta,  some  of  whom  had  served  only  twenty-four  years  and  some  only  twenty-three 
years.  But  the  first  Marcomannic  war  was  now  ended  and  a  very  large  number  of  new  troops 
had  been  enlisted  in  preparation  for  this  war  and  during  its  progress.  Moreover  the  treasury 
was  well  nigh  depleted.  It  is  hardly  surprising,  therefore,  that  when  peace  came,  with  extra 
troops  on  hand  and  without  extra  need,  expenses  were  reduced  by  granting  an  early  missio  to 
some  of  the  troops  that  had  almost  served  out  their  time.  This  does  not  of  course  disprove  the 
assumption  of  Klein  and  of  Goyau  (Chronologic  de  I'empire  remain)  that  Julius  Piso  was 
consul  sutfectus  in  178,  and  yet  there  is  no  proof  that  this  was  tlie  exact  year  of  his  consulship, 
since  8.2582  cannot  be  certainly  dated  a.  177.     He  may  have  been  in  Numidia  several  years. 

8o 


detached  from  the  commands  of  the  governors  of  the  provinces  to  which  they 
regularly  belonged  and  formed  into  an  independent  corps  for  some  special 
service.  Julius  Piso,  who  was  leg.  leg.  IIII  Flaviae  at  the  time  the  corps  was 
formed,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  united  force,  that  is,  the  leg.  leg.  I 
Italicae  was  subordinated  to  him.  It  is  probable  that  he  still  acted  as  leg. 
leg.  IIII  Flaviae.  He  was  given  the  ius  gladii  that  he  might  have  sufficient 
authority  to  maintain  discipline  in  the  legions,  now  detached  from  the  com- 
mand of  the  governors  of  the  provinces  who  ordinarily  exercised  the  ius 
gladii  over  them.  We  should  not,  however,  it  seems  to  me,  assume  with 
Bench,  pp.  84  f.  that  the  civil  jurisdiction  over  Dacia  was  at  the  same  time 
given  to  Julius  Piso.  Had  he  been  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.  Daciae  such  would  have 
been  stated  in  our  inscriptions.  (Cf.  §  31.)  That  he  was  not  a  governor  of 
either  Moesia  is  clear  since  it  is  not  claimed  for  him  in  the  inscriptions  and 
his  troops  were  partly  from  one  province  and  partly  from  the  other,  and 
since  he  was  afterwards  sent  to  the  praetorian  command  of  Numidia  before 
attaining  the  consulship. 


141  C.  Caecina  Largus  * 

C.  Caecina  Largus  is  given  by  Lieb.  p.  284  as  a  governor  of  Moesia 
Inferior  on  the  evidence  of  AEM  10  (1886)  p.  TZ.  Later  editions  of  this 
inscription,  3.7418  =  12337  =  I4207^^  report  it  as  belonging  to  Thrace. 


81 


CONSPECTUS^ 


Governors  of  the  Undivided  Province 

Date'"  Section 

6-12     A.  Caecina  Severus 7 

12-35     C.  Poppaeiis  Sabinus 8 

15-16    L.  Pomponius  Flaccus     (Cf.  §  9.) 10 

16-19    Latinius  Pandusa     (Cf.  §  9.) II 

19-20    L.  Pomponius  Flaccus     (Cf.  §  9.) 12 

21     P.  Vellaeus     (Cf.  §  9) 13 

25-33     Pomponius  Labeo     (Cf.  §  9.)    14 

35-44     P.  Memmius  Regulus 15 

41-44     Martius  Macer     (Cf.  §  9.)    16 

45/46     A.   Didius  Gallus 18 

53-60     Flavins   Sabinus    19 

60-67     Ti.  Plantins  Silvanns  Aelianus 20 

69     M.  Aponius  Satnrninns 21 

69-70     Fonteius  Agrippa   22 

70-74     Rnbrins  Gallus    23 

75     Sex.  Vettnlenns  Cerealis 24 

82     C.  Vettnlenns  Civica  Cerealis 25 

84     M.  Cornelius  Nigrinus  Curiatius  Maternus 2."] 

85-86     Oppins  Sabinus  28 

"^  Several  men  who  have  at  times  been  assumed  to  have  been  governors  of  Moesia  are 
omitted  from  this  conspectus,  but  are  discussed  in  the  text.  For  references  to  these  discus- 
sions see  the  general  index  tmder  the  following  names:  P.  Antonius  Faustus,  C.  Avidius 
Nigrinus,  T.  Avidius  Quietus,  Aurelius  Appianus,  M.  Aurelius  Claudius,  Aurelius  Pontianus, 
Caecilius,  M.  Caecilius  Servilianus,  C.  Caecina  Largus,  L.  Calpumius  Piso  Frugi,  lulius  Castus, 
A.  lulius  Pompilius  Piso,  T.  Vibius  Laevillus  Berenicianus,  L.  Licinius  Sura,  L.  Ovinius 
Rusticus  Cornelianus,  Pollenius  Auspex,  L.  Quintilianus,  M.  Salonius  Longinius  Marcellus, 
T.  Suellius  Marcianus,  C.  Zeno.  A  few  others  in  regard  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
ever  governed  Moesia  or  not,  are  included  in  this  list,  with  an  interrogation  point  after  their 
names.  A  few  who  governed  one  of  the  Moesias,  but  it  is  uncertain  which,  are  given  in  this 
list  under  each  province  and  enclosed  in  brackets. 

"'  The  date  given  here  is  usually  an  approximate  one.  For  discussion  of  the  evidence  see 
the  sections  to  which  reference  has  been  made.  In  the  articles  in  the  text  the  dates  that  are 
regarded  as  certain  are  placed  beside  the  names  at  the  head  of  the  sections. 

82 


Governors  of  Moesia  Superior 

86/89     L.  Funisulanus  Vettonianus 29 

93     Cn.  Pinarius  Aemilius  Cicatricula  Pompeius  Long-inus  30 

138     P.   Tullius   Varro 32 

158/160     P.  Mummius  Sisenna  Rutilianus 34 

160  C.  Curtius  lustus 35 

161  M.  Statins  Priscus  Licinius  Italicus 36 

162/165     Avidius  Cassius  ?   37 

163/168     M.  Servilius  Fabianus  Maximtis 38 

168/170     M.  Claudius  Fronto 39 

169     L.  Vitrasius  Flamininus 40 

168/194     Caerellius    4^ 

176/178     P.  Helvius  Pertinax 42 

177/180     M.  Macrinius  Avitus  Catonius  Vindex 43 

195     11.   Pompeianus    44 

195-196     L.  Fabius  Cilo  Septiminus  Catinius  Atilianus  Lepidus 

Fulcinianus 45 

202/210     Q.  Anicius  Faustus 4^' 

212/217     [Pomponius  Bassus]    ' 47 

212/221     L.  Marius  Perpetuus 48 

About  223     C.  Furius  Octavianus  ? 49 

244     [Severianus]    5° 

248  [Ti.  Claudius  Marinus  Pacatianus] 51 

249  [C.  Messius  Quintus  Traianus  Decius] 52 

258/268     [Regalianus]    54 

253/268     Egnatius   Marinianus   55 

Third  century     M.  Caecilius  Novatilianus 56 

After  Trajan     [Calpurnius  lulianus]   57 

Governors  of  Moesia  Inferior 

92     Sex.  Octavius  Fronto 59 

99     Q.  Pomponius  Rufus 60 

100-102     M',  Laberius  Maximus 61 

102/103     Fabius  Postuminus  62 

105     A.   Caecilius   Faustinus 64 

112     P.  Calpurnius  Caulius  Rufus 65 

116-117     O.  Roscius  Coelius  Murena  Silius  Decianus  Vibullus 

Pius  lulius  Eurycles  Herclanus  Pompeius  Falco  66 

120     Artorius    67 

83 


1 28/1 3 1     Sex.  Miniciits  Faustinus  lulius  Severus 68 

128/133     L.  Minicius  Natalis  Quadronius  Verus 69 

134     Sex.  lulius  Maior 70 

136     Antius  Rufinus  ? 7^ 

138/146     Fuficius  Co[rnutus]    72 

1 39/1 5 1     T.  Pomponius  Proculus  Vitrasius  Pollio 73 

After  147     C.  Prastina  Pacatus  Messalinus 74 

138/161     lulius  Crassus  75 

139/160     Tib.  Claudius  Saturninus 76 

After  149     M.  Pontius  Laelianus "J"] 

155     T.  Flavius  Longinus  O.  Marcius  Turbo 78 

Soon  after  155     L.  lulius  Statilius  Severus 79 

159     T.  Statilius  lulius  Severus 80 

162     M.  Servilius  Fabianus  Maximus 82 

165     M.  lallius  Bassus  Fabius  Valerianus 83 

About  169     Antonius  Hiberus 84 

168/175  P.  Vigellius  Raius  Plarius  Saturninus  Atilius   Bra- 

duanus  Caucidius  Tertullus 85 

176/178     P.   Helvius   Pertinax 86 

175/179     M.  Macrinius  Avitus  Catonius  Vindex 87 

193/197     Cosconius   Gentianus    89 

196/198     Pollenius  Auspex 90 

198-201     C.  Ovinius  Tertullus 92 

202-205     L.  Aurelius  Gallus 94 

198/212     C.   Junius   Faustinus Postumianus 95 

208-210     Flavius  Ulpianus 96 

211-212     L.  lulius  Faustinianus 97 

21 1/217     Quintilianus    100 

212/217     [Pomponius  Bassus]    loi 

217  M.  Statins  Longinus 103 

217,  end     P.  Fu.  Pontianus 104 

218  Marcius  Claudius  Agrippa 105 

218/222     lulius  Antonius   Seleucus 106 

218/222     T.  Flavius  Novius  Rufus 107 

218/222     Sergius  Titianus   108 

222     lulius  Gaetulicus 109 

222/235     Tib.   lulius   Festus no 

224     L.  Annius  Italicus  Honoratus iii 

222/235     Um.   Tereventinus    112 

222/235     Fir.   Philopappus  113 

230     Anicius  Faustus  Paulinus 1 14 

84 


234  Q-  Decius  Valerianus 1 1 5 

235  Flavins  Lucilianus    i  i<J 

236  Domitiiis  G : i^7 

238     C.  Pe 118 

238/241     Tullius   Menophilus    , 119 

238/244     Sab.  Modestus   120 

P.   Rosius  TertuUianus 121 

[Severianus]    122 

Prastina  Messalinus   124 

[Ti.  Claudius  Marinus  Pacatianus] 125 

[C.  Messius  Quintus  Traianus  Decius] 126 

Pi. 1 1.  Post 127 

C.  Vibius  Trebonianus  Gallus 128 

M.  Aemilius  Aemilianus 129 

258/268     [Regalianus]    130 

270/275     Aur 132 

272/275     Claudius  Annius  Natalianus 133 

Third  century     Vittennius  luvenis I34 

After  loi      [Calpurnius  lulianus]   I35 

Incerti    136 


241/244 
244 

244/249 
248 

249 
249/251 

251 
253 


For  names  not  included  in  this  conspectus  see  note  142. 


85 


APPENDIX 

Some  Titles  of  the  Emperor  Septimius  Severus, 
and  cil  3.6904  and  691 1. 

Parthicus  Maximus. 

Wilmanns.  Exemp.  Inscr.  Lat.  (a.  1873).  978,  n.  2:  Ceterum 
nescio  cur  obsit  Parthici  Maximi  titulus  qiiem  suscepit  Severus  iam 

a.  199.     CIL  5  (a.  1877),  index,  p.  1158:  ab  a.  197 Parthicus 

Maximus;  but  the  earhest  of  the  inscriptions  to  which  it  refers  is 
dated  a.  198  in  the  body  of  the  work.     CIL  2  Suppl.   (a.   1892), 

index,  p.  1103 :  a.  198,  200 Parthicus  Maximus  ;  but  the  earliest 

of  the  inscriptions  to  which  it  refers  is  dated  a.  200  in  the  body  of 
the  work.  Egbert,  Lat.  Inscr.  (a.  1895),  p.  136:  198,  Parthicus 
Maximus.  Cagnat,  Cours  d'Epigr.^  (a.  1898),  p.  195:  Parthicus 
maximus  en  199;  and  in  a  footnote  to  this  (n.  i,  p.  195),  Le  titre 
Parthicus  Maximus  n'apparait  qu'en  199.  He  refers  however  in 
n.  3  on  the  same  page  to  8.10337,  10338,  in  which  Parthicus  Max- 
imus is  found,  and  dates  them  a.  198.  CIL  3  Suppl.  (a.  1902), 
index,  p.  2430:  a.  198  seq. Parthicus  Maximus. 

(i)     The  titles  Parthicus  Maximus.  trib.  pot.  VI,  imp.  XI,  cos. 

II,  appear  together  in  the  following  inscriptions:  3.205,  3745.  6723, 
6725,  12178,  12186  =  6928,  12197,  12203,  12204,  14184=^*,  14428, 
10.7274. 

(2)  The  titles  Parthicus  Maximus,  trib.  pot.  VI,  imp.  XII, 
COS.  II,  occur  together  in  3.14201. 

(3)  The  titles  Parthicus  Maximus,  trib  pot.  VI,  imp.  XI,  cos. 

III,  occur  together  in  3.691 1. 

(4)  Orelli,    Inscr.    Lat.,    352 L.    Sept.    Severo 

Parthico  Maximo et  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aur.  Antonino,  t.  pote.  I, 

cos.  I, . 

CIL  10.7276  Imp.  Caesari  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Aug..  trib.  pot., 
procos., L.  Septimi  Severi Parthici  Maximi  filio, . 

86 


The  inscriptions  in  (i),  (2),  and  (3),  above  are  shown  to 
belong  to  a.  198  by  trib.  pot.  VI,  found  in  each.  3.14428  is  also 
dated  198  by  the  names  of  the  consuls  for  that  year.  In  CIL, 
3.14184-^*  is  dated  a.  196,  evidently  by  an  oversight  or  misprint  since 
on  the  same  evidence  it  gives  a.  198  with  several  of  the  others. 

Of  the  inscriptions  of  Caracalla  in  (4)  above,  the  text  of  the 
first  is  perhaps  not  reliable,  but  its  date  and  its  use  of  Parthicus 
Maximus  as  a  title  of  Septimus  agree  with  10.7276,  whose  text  is 
not  in  doubt.  Both  belong  to  a.  198,  as  shown  by  t.  pote.  I  and  trib. 
pot. 

These  inscriptions  all  agree  in  showmg  that  the  title  Parthicus 
Maximus  was  used  of  Septimius  as  early  as  198.  I  have  found  no 
inscriptions  showing  an  earlier  use. 

3.5745  and  5980  give  the  title  Parthicus  Maximus  to  Caracalla, 
but  they  were  evidently  set  up  in  213  and  215  respectively,  and  not 
in  the  year  195,  which  accompanies  the  name  of  Septimius  in  each. 
The  honorary  titles  of  Septimius  were  not  used  by  Caracalla  until 
after  his  father's  death  in  211. 


Imp.  XI  AND  Imp.  XII. 

Cagnat,  1.  c,  gives  199  as  the  earliest  date  of  the  use  of  the 
titles  Imp.  XI  and  Imp.  XII  by  Septimius.  His  footnote  3,  p.  195, 
however,  refers  to  CIL.  8.10337  f.,  of  a.  198,  as  showing  imp.  XII 
among  his  titles.  Since  imp.  XI  must  have  preceded  imp.  XII,  as 
early  a  date  as  198  must  be  given  for  both.  The  evidence  of  the 
inscriptions  quoted  above  agrees  with  this.  I  have  not  found  an 
earlier  use  of  these  titles  than  a.  198. 


Cos.  Ill,  AND  CIL  3.6904  AND  69II. 

3.691 1,  group  (3)  above,  of  a.  198,  gives  cos  III.  Mommsen 
in  editing  this  inscription  seems  to  have  had  no  doubt  of  its  correct- 
ness, and  on  the  basis  of  this  inscription  he  used  cos.  Ill  in  restoring 
3.6904.  The  thirteen  inscriptions  of  groups  (i)  and  (2)  above 
agree  in  indicating  that  Septimius  was  properly  styled  cos.  II  in  a. 
198.     The  references  given  in  Klein,  Fasti  Consulares,  p.  89,  op- 

87 


posite  the  year  202,  show  condusively  that  Septimius  was  consul  III 
in  that  year.  Cos.  Ill  in  3.691 1  is  therefore  an  error,  probably  of 
the  stone-cutter,  for  cos.  II,  and  cos.  II  should  have  been  used  in 
restoring  3.6904."' 

»••  From   tlie   above   it   appears  that   3.404-2   Imp.    Caes.   L.    Sep.    S   .    .    .    .    Pius    [P]ertinax 

Au[g]   ....   Arab.   Adiab.   Part.   Max pont.  max.,  trib.   pot ,   imp.   XI,   cos  11, 

p sliould  be  dated  198/201  instead  of  198  as  given  in  OIL. 


88 


INDEX    LOCORUM 


(References   are  to  sections  and   notes.) 


Authors 

Acta   Sanctorum  Scillitanorum      85 

Anthologia  Palatina      6 

Ammianus  Marcellinus       27.4.1 1,  n.2 

Appian,  Illyrian  Wars        i6ff.,  n.4 ;  30,  n.2. 

Cassius  Dio  49.34-38,  n.4;  51.23-27,  n.5; 
51.26,  n.6;  53.7,  n.3;  54.34,  6;  55-29.3, 
7;  55-30.4,  7;  58.9-13,  n.22;  58.24.3, 
14;  58.25.4-5,  8;  id.,  15;  id.,  n.23; 
id.,  n.26;  59.12,  15;  60.15,  n.23; 
60.20,  19;  60.24,  n.23;  id.,  n.24;  id., 
n.25;  id.,  n.26;  68.9.4,  61;  69.2,  17; 
69.13,  68;  73.8,  45;  73.22,  45;  76.1, 
94;  76.2.4,  94;  76.6.3,  94;  76.8,  45; 
76.9.2-3,  90;  78.13.1,  105;  78.21.2, 
47 ;  79-5,  47 !  index  of  consuls,  12. 

Chronicon  Paschale  p.  46  Dind.,      94 

Epiphanius  Cyprius  Uepl  tiirpuv  Kai 
aTadfj-Qv         n.124 

Eutropius  6.2,  n.i;  6.10,  n.2;  7.234, 
28;  id.,  29;  9.5,  129. 

Florus  1.39.6,  n.i ;  id.,  n.2;  2.26;  n.5; 
2.27,  6. 

Frontinus,  De  Aquaeductis,  2.102,  18; 
id.,  n.28;  id..  29;  Strategematon 
4.143,  n.i. 

Herodian  3.29,  n.72;  3.5.2ff.,  45;  3.6.10, 
45;  3.8.2,  n.68;  3.11.2,  94;  6.1.4,  no; 
id.,  112. 

Hieronymus,  Chronicle,  a.  Abr.  1946, 
n.2 

Historiae  Augustae :  Vit.  Hadr.  2.3,  4; 
7.1-3,  17.  Vit.  Marci  9.1,  n.62;  22, 
n.64;  id.,  41.  Vit.  Veri  7.8,  45;  id., 
83.  Vit.  Avid.  Cass.  4.5-6,  37.  Vit. 
Comm.  20.1,  45.  Vit.  Pert.  2.6-9, 
n.71 ;  2.10-3.2,  42.  Vit.  Sev.  8.13,  45 
10.3,  45  ;  13.6,  n.70 ;  14.3,  45  ;i4.  10,  94 
Vit.  Caracalli  6.7,  105.  Vit.  Gallieni 
9.1,    54.    Vit.    Tyr.    Trig.     lo.i,    54 


10.9,  54;   10.14,  54.  Vit.  Claud.  15.1, 

53. 
Jordanes,   Getica,       11,  n.3;    13,  22;   id., 

28;  18,  128;  19,  I2g. 
Josephus,    Bell.    Jud.      3.7.22,    24;    6.4.3, 

24;  7.4.3,  22;  id.,  23;  7.6.1,  24. 
Livy,    Epit.      92,    n.i;    97,    n.2;    134-135, 

n.5 ;  140,  6. 
Lucian  '  AXe^avdpos  ■^  \f/evSofjLa.vTLS  48,   34 

Orosius      5.23,  n.i ;  6.3.4,  ".2. 
Ovid,  Ex  Ponto      4.9.75-80,  10 
Petrus  Particius,  Excerpta  Vaticana  130 

p.  210  11.  19-26  Dind.,     45;  Exc.     9. 

119. 
Pliny.  Ad  Traj.       74.1,  61 ;  Epist.     9.13. 

62. 
Pliny,    H.   N.      3.149,   n.ii ;   7.14.62,    19; 

17.67,  n.28. 
Plutarch.  Moralia      478B,  17 
Rufius  Festus      7,  n.i ;  9,  n.2. 
Seneca     Ep.        12.1. 14,    6;     De     Morte 

Claudia     13.5,  n.28. 
Servius      ad  Aen.  7.604,  n.2 
Strabo      7.3.5,  n.3 
Seutonius :     Aug.        20-21,    n.4;     Calig. 

25.2,  9;   id.,   15;   id.,  n.2i;   id.,  n.23; 

Claud.     13,  n.23;  25,  n.23;  id.,  n.24; 

id.,  n.25;  Domit.  6,  28;  id.,  29;  Vesp. 

4,  19 ;  id.,  n.29. 
Tacitus:  Ann.       1.31,  7;  1.64,  7;  1.80,  8; 

id.,   9;    id.,   n.23;    2.1,   n.36;   2.64-67, 

11;  2.66,  12;  3.35,  n.2o;  3.39,  9;  id., 

13;  3.58,  n.2o;  4.46-49,  9;  4.47,  8;  id., 

14;  4.51,   14;   4.68,  n.28;  4.71,  n.28; 

5.1 1,  n.22;  6.4,  n.22;  6.10,  6;  6.27,  12; 

6.29,   14;  6.30,  n.2oa;  6.39,  8;   12.15, 

18;    id.,    n.28;    12. 18-21,    18;    12.39, 

n.28;    12.40,    n.28;    13.30,    19;    13.35, 

20;   14.42,   19;   15.6,  20;   I5-I-I7,  20. 

Hist.  1.79,  21 ;  2.85,  21 ;  2.96,  21 ;  3.5, 

21;    3.9-1 1,   21;    3.44,    19;   3.46,   22; 

3.7s,  19;  id.,  n.29.  Agric.  13,  19. 


89 


TcrtuIHan.  Ad  Scap.      3,  85 

Velleius  Paterculus     2.98.1-2,  6;  2.1 12.4, 

7- 
Victor  Epit.      32,  54;  Caes.  33.2,  54. 
Zonaras       10.32,  n.5 ;  10.34,  6;  12.19,  5i ; 

id.,   52;    id.,    115;    12.20,    128;    12.21, 

129. 
Zo.simus       1.19,    50;    1.20,    51;    1. 21,    52; 

id.,   115;   1.23,   128;   1.28,   129. 

Inscriptions 

CIL  II  1262,  139;  2010,  17;  3783,  27; 
4126,  137;  4509-4511,  n.92;  4509,  93; 
id.,  69;  4510,  137;  id..  69;  451 1,  69; 
4756,  4788,  4816,  4826,  4828,  4831, 
4834,  4853,  4858,  4870,  4886,  4887, 
115;    5679,   73;    6013,    27.  Ill 

205,  App.  i;  429,  27;  567,  17;  id., 
n.23;  id.,  58;  749,  71;  762,  73;  767, 
80;  773,  107;  774,  79;  775.  85;  777, 
65;  781,  20;  id.,  84;  id.,  92;  905,  45; 
1178,  48;  id.,  n.74(b)  ;  1457,  39; 
1566,  57;  1685,  46;  id.,  93;  1701,  137; 
1839-  '^37;  2820,  70;  2830,  68;  id., 
139;  3745,  App.  i;  3746,  n.73;  4013, 
4;  id.,  29;  4624,  n.i2o;  4638,  45; 
4642,  45;  id.,  n.144;  5745,  App.  i; 
5980,  App.  i;  5981,  n.i2o;  6154,  in; 
6169,  83;  6170,  107;  6175.  136;  6177, 
n.112;  id.,  97;  6182,  77;  id.,  n.103; 
id.,  n.112;  6183,  85;  6222,  136;  6224. 
n.131 ;  6580,  n.73 ;  6709-6710,  n. 74(b)  ; 
6723,  App.  I ;  6725,  App.  I ;  6814, 
139;  6904,  App.  3;  691 1,  App.  i;  id., 
App.  3;  6928,  App.  i;  7247,  18; 
7267,  n.23;  7418,  141;  7420,  73; 
7449,  78;  7466,  n.102;  7473,  114; 
7474,  76;  7485,  97;  7505,  n.  62;  id., 
39;  id.,  79;  7516,  136;  7529,  74; 
7537,  66;  7539,  67;  7540,  92;  754^, 
78;  7591,  in;  7602-7604,  92;  id., 
139;  7605,  116;  7606,  118;  7607,  118; 
id.,  119;  7794,  45;  7904,  17;  id.,  58; 
8110,  35;  id.,  n.102;  8169,  49;  8238, 
49;  8240,  49;  8270,  129;  8272,  33; 
8619,  51;  8753,  n.24;  9891,  68;  12117, 
66;  12178,  12186,  12197,  12203,  12204, 
App.    i;    12278,    n.27;    12337,    141; 


12371,    79;     12385,    82;     12407,    71 
12457,    136;    12470,    66;    12493,    67 
12509,  92;  12513,  79;  id.,  80;  12514 
82;    12515,    127;    12519,    115;    13724 
115;      13727,      75;      13800,      n.i20 
14150,     n.74(b)  ;     14184'',     App.     i 
14201,    n.i20;    id.,    App.    i;    14207'^ 
141;    14214',    73;    14422',    71;    14428: 
92;   id.,   App.    i;    14429,    117;    14430 
136;    14451,   62;    14460,    136;    14461 
92;   14462,   116;   14485.  n.i2o;   14499: 
40 ;  14507,  44 ;  id.,  n.73.      Diplomata 
XIV,   29;   XVII,   29;   XVIII,   n.85 
XIX,    n.56;    id.,    59;    XXI,    n.    56 
XXII,  59;  XXV,  n.85;  XXVI,  30 
XXVIII,    n.56;    id.,    n.57;    XXIX 
n.43;    XXX,    n.85;    id.,   60;    XXXI 
60;  XXXII,  61;  XXXIII,  n.85;  id. 
64;   XXXVI,   n.85;   XXXVIII,   65 
XLIV,  68;  XLVII,  70;  LVII,  n.98 
LIX,    n.85;    id.,    72;    LX,    77;    id. 
n.104;     LXI,     n.104;     LXIII,     84 
LXVII,  82;   LXIX,  61;   LXX,   76 
LXXVI,     no;     CIII,    4;     id.,    30 

cviii,  n.85.  V  4327.  139 

4347,  139;  5809,  35;  6974-6980,  n.87 

VI  228,  94;  413,  90;  537,  n.73;  854: 
61;  1035,  94;  1052,  n.117;  1119b,  83 

^333,  137;  1377,  39;  1408-1409,  45 
1423,  49;  1444,  31;  1449,  43;  145a 
1453,  n.74(a)  ;  1497.  77;    1517,  38 

1523,  36;  1529,  137;  1540,  73 
2003.11,  n.128;  2016,  n.93;  2028c,  15 
2028d,  18 ;  id.,  n.28 ;  2039-2042,  21 
2044,  21;  2086.62,  79;  2101,  n.114 
3702,  138;  3828,  26;  24162,  n.105 
30967,  138;  31640,  39;  32327,    90 

VII  103,  90.        VIII  6,  46 
13,  60;  597,  95;  2438,  n.73;  2465 
n.117;  2488,  140;  2527-2528,  n.73 
2547,  140;  2550,  n.73;  id.,  n.i20 
2551,  n.73;  2553,  n.73;  2557,  94 
2582,  140;  id.,  n.140;  2592,  140;  2743: 
n.114;  2743-2745,  140;  4643,  69;  id 
n.92;  4676,  n.93;  6048,  n.73;  6306: 
n.i2o;  7002,  n.73;  8421,  109;  8649 
n.i2o;  10296,  70;  10337,  App.  I  and 
2;  10338,  App.  I.  and  2;  10992,  46 
11763,  n.125;  14395,  n-i2o;  17870- 


90 


17871,  n.73;  17940,  n.73;  18068,  n.73; 
18256,  n.73;  22060,  n.51;  id.,  n.57. 
IX  338,  49;  id.,  103;  id.,  n.133; 
729,  n.128;  1572,  56;  1592,  139;  2122, 
n.i20;  2454-2455,  139;  2592,  2T,  id., 
139;  3608,  n.133;  4957,  74;  5833, 
n.50;  6078.91,  n.99.  X  963, 
n.19;  i486,  27;  3724,  139;  3870, 
40;  5670,  n.93;  6321,  66;  6369,  n.19; 
6639,  12;  7274,  App.  i;  7275;  n.i2o; 
7276,  App.  I ;  8028,  n.73.  XI 
571,  4;  id.,  29;  1592,  139;  1835,  16; 
id.,  9;  2454-2455,  139;  2925,  n.92; 
3364,  2,2;  3365,  Z2;  3876,  n.117. 
XII  113,  n.96;  2718,  83;  3164,  17; 
5563,  n.73.  XIII  6806,  41- 
XIV  2933,  137;  2942,  139;  3554, 
n.92;  3599,  n.59;  id.,  69;  id.,  n.92; 
id.,  139;  3601,  34;  3608,  20;  3609, 
139;  4244,  34.       XV  960,  74. 


Dessau   1005,  n.53;  2907,  n.102. 

AEM   10(1886)  p.243  no.  II,  92 

IG   III  613,  15;  id.,  n.23.  IV912,  n.2i; 

1139c,  15;  1406,  n.105;  1534,  n-ios; 

id.,  n.135.  VII  89,  n.92.  XIV  1 125, 

n.92;  id.,  n.93. 
CIG       1076,  n.23;  5977,  n.92;  id.,  n.93. 
CIA      613,  15 
IGR      I  573,  91;  575,  n.iiS;  576.  n.ii8; 

580,   n.135;   id.,    119;    581,   121;    582, 

133;    584,    138;    591.    132;    593.    134; 
606,  67;  609,  72;  622,  78;  653.  n.92; 
663,  ^z.     III  556,  n.114;  618,  90;  id., 
102. 
Bull.   cor.    hell.       11(1887)    PP-    163-168, 

59- 

Dumont-Homolle  72a,  n.45 
Latyschew  I  i,  20;  197,  24. 
Le  Bas      3.600a,  20 


INDEX    NOMINUM    ET    RERUM 
MEMORABILIORUM 

(References  are  to  sections  and  notes.) 


Achaia         3,8,9,i5,n.23,n.24,i6,n.26,i7,i39. 

Acilius  Strabo       27 

adlectio      n.50,n.7i,43,56,i05. 

M.  Aemilius  Aemilianus       129 

Cn.  Aemilius  Cicatricula  Pompeius  Lon- 

ginus,       see  Pinarius. 
aera,  change  of,      in  Tyra,      20 
Africa      n.20,32,69,n.97,85,i39. 
Agrippa,       see  Fonteius,Marcius. 
ala  Contariorum      43 
Albinus      41,45. 
Alexander  Severus,  emperor,    5,n.  124,95, 

109,110,112. 
anachronisms      53,54,128. 
Q.  Anicius  Faustus      46,n. 73,93. 


Anicius  Faustus  Paulinus       114 
annals,    events    of  more   than    one   year 

given  together,       11,14,20. 
Annius  Felix       n.131 
L.  Annius  Italicus  Honoratus       11 1 
Antius  Rufinus       71 
Antoniniana,  cognomen  of  legion,       48 
Antoninus  Pius,  emperor,     32,34,n.6i,73, 

75,81,138. 
P.  Antonius  Faustus      93 
Antonius  Hiberus      84 
M.  Antonius  Primus      2i,n.4i. 
Antonius   Rufinus      n.95 
Antonius  Seleucus,     see  lulius  Antonius 

Seleucus. 


91 


M.  Aponius  Saturninus      21,22. 
Aquila  lulianus      n.28 
Aquileia      40 
Arabia      n.74(b) 
Armenia       11,20,11.62 
[A]rtorius      67 
Asia    6,19,20,22,34,62,73,139. 
Ser.  Asinius  Celer       n.28 
Augustus,  singular  and  plural  of,  in  in- 
scriptions and  coins        34.38,45."73> 

48,n.77,90,n.i  17.95,97- 

Augustus  Caesar,emperor,       i 

T.  Avidiaccus  Furianus      n.133 

Avidius  Cassius      2>1 

C.  Avidius  Nigrinus       I7,58- 

T.  Avidius  Quietus       17,26. 

Aulus,  incorrectly  assumed  from  coins 
as  praenomen,      n.114 

Aur 132 

Aurelian,  emperor,       132,133,136. 

Aurelianus      n.77 

Marcus  Aurelius,  emperor,  n. 124,84,138; 
policy  of,  in  appointment  of  gover- 
nors, 41 ;  Marcomannic  wars  of, 
39,40,41, i40,n.  140;  titles  of,  39-73. 
n.140. 

Aurelius  Appianus      99 

M.  Aurelius  Claudius      53.I3I- 

L.  Aurelius  Gallus      94 

Aurelius  Pontianus      98 

auxilia       20 

Bastarnae      20 

C.  Bellicius  Torquatus      n.105 

beneficiarius  consularis      n.65 

Bessi      6 

bis,  with  titles,      n.73 

Bithynia       45 

boundary  lines,  establishment  of,        '71 

Bosporus       18 

Breuci      7 

Britain       I9,n.28,36,4i, 46,68. 

Caecilius      2)2> 

A.  Caecilius  Faustinus      64 

C.  Caecina  Largus       141 

M.  Caecilius  Novatilianus      56 

M.  Caecilius  Servilianus      88 

A.  Caecina  Severus      4.7.8- 


Caerellius      41 

Caerellii    Macrinus,    Faustinianus,    luli- 
anus,     n.70 
L.  Caesennius  Paetus      20 
Caligula,  emperor,       15. n.28. 

Calpurnius  Agricola      39,n.65,76. 

Calpurnius  lulianus       57-135- 

P.  Calpurnius  Macer  Caulius  Rufus     65 

L.  Calpurnius   Piso  Frugi       6 

Canusium,   patroni   of,       49,i03,n.i33. 

Cappadocia      36 

Caracalla,  emperor,  45.47,84,n.  116,89,92, 
96,97, 1 00, 105, App. I ;  tribunicial  num- 
bers of,  n.i2o;  titles  of,  89,n.ii7, 
App.i. 

Chersonese,  Thracian,      6 

Chersonese,  Bosporan,      20,61. 

Christians,  persecution  of,      n.123 

Chronicon  Paschale,  trustworthiness  of 
its  dates,  94,n.i24;  a  source  of, 
n.124. 

clarissimus  vir      56,57.139- 

classis  Misenensis       n.85 

classis  Moesica      59 

classis  Ravennas      n.85 

Claudius,  emperor,       15,16,18,20. 

Claudius  Annius  Natalianus       133 

Ti.  Claudius  Atticus      n.105 

Claudius  Clemens      n.85 

M.  Claudius  Fronto      34,39- 

C.  Claudius  Gentianus      n.113 

Claudius  lulianus      n.102 

Ti.  Claudius  Marinus  Pacatianus  51.125. 

L.Claudius  Quintilianus       123 

P.  Claudius  Regalianus,  see  Regali- 
anus. 

Ti.  Claudius  Saturninus      76 

cognomen,  of  legion,  48 ;  of  person,  n.91. 

colonia,  deductio  of,       26 

comes   Augusti,       n. 58,45,83,95. 

Commodus,  emperor,    45,84,91,138. 

consul,  position  of,  among  titles  in  in- 
scriptions, 29,n.i27;  absens,  42, 
n.73 ;  iterum,  61 ;  dates  of  certain 
consules  suffecti,  n.24,n.28,i9,27,n.57, 
42,45,  n.73,47.69.  n.93.73,76,n.i02,  n.105, 
8o,n.io7,82,83,85.90,94.95,n.i40 ;  time 
between  consulships  of  father  and 
son,   90;  consul  II,   61. 


92 


Corbulo,      see  Domitius. 

Cornelius  Clemens      39 

M.  Cornelius  Nigrinus  Curiatius  Mater- 

nus      27 
corrector  civitatium       17 
Cosconius  Gentianus      89,90. 
Cot3-s,  king  of  Bosporus,       18 
Cotys,  king  of  Thrace,       11 
Cremona,  battle  of,       22 
curator  aedium  sacrarum      40,138. 
curator  alvei  Tiberis      40 
curator  aquarum       18.19,29. 
curator  civitatium       17 
curator  cloacarum  urbis       36,40. 
curator  operum  publicorum      83 
curator  viarum       137 
Curiatius  Maternus      2^ 
Curio,       see  Scribonius. 
C.  Curtius  Justus       35 


Daci      20,22. 

Dacia         39,n.65,42,434548,S3,57,58,85,90, 

105,140;      Dacia      Malvensis,         43; 

Daciae  III,      48. 
Dalmatia,      see   Delmatia. 
damnati       15,118,133. 
L.  Dasumius  Tuscus      32 
Q.  Decius,       see  the  following  and  Mes- 

sius. 
Q.  Decius  Valerianus      52,115. 
deductio  veteranorum      26 
Delmatia      n.23,29,40,53,90. 
destinatus      89 
Dexippus      n.137 
h  10.(7  r\\xJtnaro^  132 

A.  Didius  Callus       18 
dioecesis       139 
Diocletian,  emperor,       5 
diplomata,  form  of  d.  classiaria,       59 
Domitian,    emperor,      4,26,27, 29,n. 53. 
Cn.  Domitius  Afer      n.28 
Cn.  Domitius  Corbulo      20 

Domitius  G 117 

Domna,       see  lulia. 
dona  militaria      31,43. 
dux  Illyrici       53,54. 
dux  limitis       53,128. 
dux  vexillationum      45 


Tjyeixoveiju}         n. 132, n.138, 134,138. 

Egnatius  Marinianus      55 

Elagabalus,  emperor,      47,106,108. 

Epiphanius   Cyprius       n.124 

era,  of  Tyra,      20 

Erucius  Clarus      45 

Eunones       18 

Q.  Eutetius  Lusius  Saturninus      n.24 

exercitator   equitum   singularium       58 

F 136 

L.  Fabius  Cilo      45 

Fabius   Postuminus       62 

Fir.   Philopappus       109,110,112,113. 

T.  Flavins  Longinus  Q.  Marcius  Turbo 

78 
Flavins  Lucilianus       116 
T.  Flavins  Lucilianus      n.133 
T.  Flavius  Novius  Rufus       107 
Flavins  Sabinus       19 
Flavius  Ulpianus      96,97,n.i29. 
Fonteius  Agrippa      22,23,n. 51. 
Fratres  Arvales       1 5, n. 28,78. 
fratres  populi  Romani      20 
P.  Fu.  Pontianus       104,105. 
Fuficius  Cornutus      72 
Fuficius  Quintianus      72 
L.  Funisulanus  Vettonianus      4,29. 
Furia   Sabinia  Tranquillina     119,120,121. 
C.  Furius  Octavianus      49 

Galatia      45 

Gallienus,  emperor,       54,55. 

Germania  Inferior      7,n.i02. 

Germania  Superior      20,26,41. 

Geta,  emperor,      48,92,96,97,100. 

Geta,  brother  of  Septimius  Severus,    see 

Septimius  Geta. 
Getae      n.51 

Q.  Glitius  Atilius  Agricola      61 
Gordianus   III,   emperor,  118,120,121, 

136. 
Goths      n.51 

Hadrian,  emperor,  i7.n-50,32.33>66, 

n.105. 
Haemus      6 

P.  Helvius  Pertinax      42,45,85,86. 
Hispania      90,115. 


93 


M.  lallius  Bassus  Fabius  Valerianus    83 

lazyges       20 

Illyricum       i  ;    exercitus   lUyrici,    n.23 

incerti       136 

Ingenuus      54 

insignia  triumphalia       14 

lordanes       n.5i,i28,n.i37. 

Italia  Transpadana      40 

item,  meaning  of  in  inscriptions,    4,n.i3, 

29-11.54- 
ludaea       24,n. 56,68. 
lulia  Domna      92,96,97,100. 
lulia  Maesa       110,112. 
lulius    Antonius    Seleucus       106,107,108. 
lulius  Castus      91 
C.  lulius  Caesar       i 
lulius  Crassus      75 
L.  lulius  Faustinianus      97 
Tib.  lulius  Festus       109,110. 
lulius  Gaetulicus       109 
Sex.  lulius  Maior      70 
A.  lulius  Pompilius  Piso  T.  Vibius  Lae- 

villus   Berenicianus       I40,n.i40. 
lulius  Severus,      see  Minicius,  Statilius. 
C.  lulius  Severus      79,n.io7. 
L.  lulius  Statilius  Severus      79 
lunius  Blaesus      n.20 
C.  lunius  Faustinus  Postumianus      95 
A.  lunius  Pastor      "j"] 
ius  gladii       140 

M".  Laberius  Maximus      61 

Latinius  Pandusa      11 

legatus  Augusti      26,83,137. 

legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore      6,17. 

legatus  consularis         9,12,15,22,28,68,138. 

legatus  imperatoris    alicuius      92,n.i2i. 

legatus  iuridicius       139 

legatus  legati  consularis       139 

legatus  legionis       9,10,16,19,26,85,137,140. 

legatus  praetorianus      9,n.89,i38. 

legatus  pro  praetore      31 

legatus  pro  praetore  provinciae  139, 

n.i2i. 

legatus  quaestorius      32,139. 

legio.  Annihilation  of,  20;  length  of  ser- 
vice in,  35,n.6i,n. 73, n.140;  cognomen 
of,  48;  legio  Mysiae  Inferioris  137; 
I  Adiut.,  n.71 ;   I   Ital.,   137,140;   III 


Aug.,  i40,n.i4o;  IV  Flavia,  32,58, 
i40,n.i4o;  IIII  Scyth.,  20,139;  V 
Mac,  20,n.65,n.83,85,i37,i39;  VI 
Ferr.,  22;  VII  CI.,  137;  VII  Galb., 
n.41;  VIII  Aug.,  20,26;  XI  CI.,  137; 
XIII  Gem.,  20;  XV  Apol,  137; 
XVI  F.  R,  n.74(b). 

Lentulus  Gaetulicus      n.20a 

libertus   imperatoris       26,n.i39. 

M.  Licinius  Crassus       i 

M.  Licii>ius  LucuUus       i 

Q.  Licinius  Silvanus  Granianus  Quad- 
ronius  Proculus       n.91 

L.  Licinius  Sura      31,63. 

Lucius,  incorrectly  assumed  from  coins 
as  a  praenomen,      n.i22,n.i3o. 

Lucullus,       see  Licinius. 

ludi  saeculares  of  Septimius  Severus,  90 

Lusitania       95 

Lycia      90 

Macedonia      3,6,8,9,io,i5,n.23,n.24,i6,n.26, 

17-50. 
Macrinus,  emperor,      47,105. 
M.    Macrinius   Avitus    Catonius   Vindex 

43.87. 
Maesa,       see  lulia  Maesa. 
Marcianopolis       106 
Marcius  Claudius  Agrippa       105 
Marcomanni      39,40,41. 
Marcus  Aurelius,  emperor,      34,36,39,40, 

4i,42,43,n.io5,84,95,i40,n.i40. 
Mariniana      55 
Marinus,  emperor,        see     Ti     Claudius 

Marinus  Pacatianus. 
L.    Marius    Maximus    Perpetuus   Aurel- 

ianus       n.74(a) 
L.  Marius  Perpetuus      48 
Martins  Macer       16 
Martins  Verus      83 
Mehadia,  in  Moesia  Superior?      n.83 
P.  Memmius  Regulus      9,15. 
C.    Messius    Quintus    Traianus    Decius 

52,115,126,128. 
Sex.   Minicius  Faustinus  lulius  Severus 

68 
L.    Minicius    Natalis    Quadronius   Verus 

32,69. 
missio      26,35,n.73,n.i40. 


94 


Mithradates,  king  of  Bosporus,       i8 

Moesia,  conquest  of,  i ;  organized  as  a 
province,  2,n.i8;  administered  for  a 
time  jointly  with  Achaia  and  Mace- 
donia, 3,8,9,15,16;  as  a  part  of  other 
administrative  units,  5,42,50,52,53,54, 
105,126,128,129;  use  of  the  word 
Moesia  without  Superior  or  Infe- 
rior in  inscriptions,  27;  division  of, 
4,n.43,n.52a,n.55,59;  rank  of  the  gov- 
ernors of,  5,9,19,20;  legions  of,  n.23, 
20,21,26,51,54,126,128;  receives  colo- 
nists from  north  of  the  Danube,  20; 
sends  wheat  to  Rome,  20. 

Moesia  Inferior  becomes  a  province, 
4;  rank  of  governors  of,  5,38,n7i, 
95,n.i38,r37,i39;  forms  part  of  a 
larger  administrative  district  at  va- 
rious times,  5,50,51,52,53,54,124,128, 
129;  legions  of,  n.64,85,137;  boun- 
daries of,  20,71,81,88,138,  see  also 
Nicopolis  ad  Istrum  in  this  index. 

Moesia  Superior  becomes  a  province, 
4;  rank  of  governors  of,  5,29,34,38, 
4i,n.7i,i39;  forms  part  of  larger  ad- 
ministrative district  at  various  times, 
5,39,40,50,51,52,53,54,124,128,129 ;  le- 
gions of,  32,n.64 ;  boundaries  of,  n.83. 

Mucianus       22 

P.  Mummius  Sisemia  Rutilianus      34 

Q.  Mustius  Priscus      77,n.io5. 

name,  long,  as  indication  of  date,      27 

Narcissus       i9,n.29. 

Nero,  emperor,       19, n. 29,20. 

Nerva,  emperor,       59 

Nicomedia      45 

Nicopolis  ad  Istrum       7i,8i,88,i32,n.i38, 

138. 
Niger,       see  Pescennius. 
Nonius  Asprenas      n.28 
Nonius   Quintilianus      n.28 
Novius  Rufus,        see     Flavins     Novius 

Rufus. 
Noricum      n.71 
Numidia         n.56,n.57,46,n.73,n.73a,74,i40. 

Sex.  Octavius  Fronto      59 
Oppius  Sabinus      4,27,28. 


optimus  prmceps      17 

Otho,  emperor,       19,21. 

L.  Ovinius  Rusticus  Cornelianus 

C.  Ovinius  Tertullus      91,92. 


137 


Pamphylia       6 

Pannonia         4,20,29,n.4i,n.54,n. 56,31, n.6o, 

45>5i>52,53,6i,72,77,io5,i29. 
Pannonia  Superior      45,77,n.io5. 
Parthicus  Maximus,  a  title  of  Septimius 

Severus,  n.73,App.i. 
patrocinium    (patronus)  26,45,49,103, 

n.i33- 

C.  Pe 118,119. 

Pedanius  Secundus       19 

Perinthus      45 

Pertinax,       see  Helvius  Pertinax. 

Pescennius  Niger      45,n.72. 

Philip,  emperor,       50,52,74,124. 

Philopappus,       see  Fir.   Philopappus. 

Philippopolis       13 

Cn.  Pinarius  Aemilius  Cicatricula  Pom- 

peius  Longinus      30 
Plautianus      94 
Plautilla      94 

Ti.  Plautius  Silvanus  Aelianus      20 
Pollenia  Honorata      90 
Pollenius  Auspex      90,102. 
Pollienus,       see  Pollenius. 
.    .    .    n.  Pompeianus      44 
Pompeius  Falco,       see  Roscius. 
Cn.  Pompeius  Longinus      n.56 
Pomponius  Bassus      47,101. 
L.  Pomponius  Flaccus       10,11,12. 
Pomponius  Labeo       14 
T.  Pomponius  Proculus  Vitrasius  Pollio 

Q.  Pomponius  Rufus      60 

M.  Pontius  Laelianus      T] 

M.    Pontius   Laelianus   Larcius    Sabinus 

V 
Pontus       18,45. 
C.     Poppaeus    Sabinus  7,8,9,10,13,14, 

n.23. 
M.  Porcius  Cato      n.28 

P.   Post 127 

praefectus  aerari  29,139. 
praefectus  classis  59,105. 
praefectus  praetorio      28,94. 


95 


praefectus  urbis       19.45- 
praepositus   legionibus       140 
praepositus  vexillationibus      45 
praetor       16,19,29,43. 
praeses   provinciae       n. 74(b), 56,11. 85. 
Prastina   Messaliiius       124 
C.  Prastina  Pacatus  Messaliiius      74 
Probus,  emperor,       133 
proconsul,  with  numeral,   in  an  inscrip- 
tion,      n.73 
procurator  provinciae       26,43. 
prorogatus      8 
Prosius,      see  P.  Rosius. 


quaestor      32,43. 
quaestorii  legati       139 
quindecemvir  sacris  faciundis      90 
Quintilianus      n.28,100,123. 

Raetia      4i,n.69,n.7i. 

Regalianus      54'i30- 

Regulus,       see  P.  Mumniius  Regulus. 

Rhescuporis      6,10,11,12. 

Rhoemetalces      6 

Rhoxolani      20 

Q.  Roscius  Coelius  Murena  Silius  Deci- 
anus  VibuUus  Pius  lulius  Eurycles 
Herclanus  Pompeius  Falco      66 

P.   Rosius  Tertullianus       119,120,121. 

rtorius      69 

Rubrius  Gallus      23 

Rutilianus,       see   Mummius. 

Rutilius  Gallicus      n.97 


n.74('b),n.ii9,App.i-3;         tribunicial 

numbers  of,  n.74(b),n.i20. 
C.  Septimius  Vegetus      n.85 
Sergianus  Titianus       106,107,108. 
M.  Servilius  Fabianus  Maximus      3840. 

82. 
Severianus      50,122. 
socii      6 

sodalis  Hadrianalis      45 
Sosius   Falco       45 

Statilius,      see  L.  lulius  Statilius  Severus. 
T.  Statilius  lulius  Severus      80 
M.  Statins  Longinus       103,105. 
M.  Statins  Priscus  Licinius  Italicus     36, 

40. 
T.  Suellius  Marcianus       138 
Syncellus      n.137 
Syria       37,42,45,79. 

Tacitus,  chronology  of  the  Annals,       11, 

12.20. 
Tertullianus,       see    Rosius. 
Thracia,Thraeci,      2,6,10,11,13,26,45,53,71, 

81,88,11.138,134,138,141- 
Tiberius,   emperor,      3,9,11,12. 
Trajan,  emperor,       17,31,40,57,61,66. 
Tranquillina,       see  Furia. 
Transpadana      40 
Trebonianus  Gallus,       see  Vibius. 
tribunus  milituni       32,110. 
Troesmis       10,85. 

Tullius    Menophilus      n.135,119,120. 
Tullius  Tuscus      s^ 
P.  Tullius  Varro      32,40. 
Tyra       20,84. 


Sab.  Modestus       120 

M.  Salonius  Longinius  Marcellus        I39 

Sarmatae       20,21,22,37. 

C.  Scribonius  Curio       i 

Scythi      51 

Seianus       14 

M.  Seius  Veranus      n.24 

Sentius  Caecilianus      n.97 

septemvir  epulonum      29 

Septimius  Geta,  brother  of  the  emperor 

Septimius   Severus,      45,94- 
Septimius  Severus         n.70,4S.n.74(b),84, 

9O,92,n.i24,96,97.i0O,i38;        titles    of. 


Valerian,  emperor,      53 

P.  Vellaeus      9,13. 

Q.  Veranius      n.28 

Verus,  emperor,     34,n.6o,36,39,43,76,n.i02, 

n.  105,79,83,84,95- 
Vespasian,  emperor,       19,20,21,23. 
L.  Vettius  lubens       134 
Sex.  Vettulenus  Cerealis      24 
C.  Vettulenus   Civica   Cerealis      n.42,2S, 

26. 
C.  Vibius  Trebonianus  Gallus      127,128, 

129. 
Victorianus   Censitus      n.73,n.73a. 


96 


p.    Vigellius    Raius    Plarius    Saturninus  Um.   Tereventinus       109,110,112. 

Atilius    Braduanus    Caucidius    Ter-  L.  Volusius  Saturninus       19 

tullus      85  Volusianus,   emperor,       129 

Vimiuacium      45.55-  worei/w     132, n.ii4,n. 122, 132, n. 138, 134,138. 

Vitellius,   emperor,       19,21. 

Vitennius   luvenis       134 

L.   Vitrasius  Flaminalis      40  C.  Zeno       81 

L.  Vitrasius  Flamininus       40  Zonaras,  a  source  of,       52 

Vitrasius   Pollio,       see  Pomponius.  Zosimus,  a  source  of,       52,128,129. 


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